Perhaps ironically, despite the idealizations that can be found in their accounts of disagreement, Hales (2014) and MacFarlane (2007)themselves pro-vide the arguments that point in this direction. Hales denies that, say, Jones’ announcement ‘I (here and now) find rhubarb delicious’ is invariably and prop-erly answered with a tolerant shrugging of shoulders. It all depends on the context. Sometimes one might invoke an expert opinion against Jones: ‘Are you sure? Smith likes this rhubarb, and he has tried rhubarb in many different dishes over the last few days.’ Or one might offer a compromise: ‘I think you tried a piece of the pie that hasn’t been in the oven long enough; have one of my pieces, I am sure that will change your mind.’ On other occasions the right thing to do is to propose a suspension of judgement: ‘Let’s not jump to conclusions quite yet; let’s try different varieties and dishes and then make up our mind’ (Hales 2014, 77). MacFarlane invites us to imagine a world in which we had no terms like ‘delicious’ or ‘funny’ (the key terms focused on in debates over faultless disagreement). In such a world, rather than uttering sentences like ‘rhubarb is delicious’, we would only be able to say things like ‘rhubarb is very pleasing to my taste buds’. The difference between the imagined world and our world, MacFarlane (2007, 29) suggests, is that in the imagined world ‘there would be a lot less controversy’. It makes sense to respond to ‘rhubarb is delicious’ with ‘no, not at all; rhubarb is bland.’ But to counter ‘rhubarb is very pleasing to my taste buds’ with ‘no, rhubarb is not pleasing to my taste buds’ is infelicitous. MacFarlane goes on to reflect why it is that we have expressions like ‘delicious’ and ‘funny’ even though there is ‘no (nonrelative) truth on which both parties can converge’. Why do we use ‘controversy-inducing ... vocabulary’ (2007, 30)

verbal agreement vs. shared belief, misunderstanding vs. real disagreement

When MacFarlane takes up this distinction in the context of his analysis of disagreement, he proceeds in a similar fashion. He notes that disagreement qua activity – unlike disagreement qua state – depends on the opponent’s atti-tudes and actions. But he takes the state-sense of ‘to disagree’ to be more fun-damental. His reason is that disagreement as an activity has to involve reference to a state of disagreement; or else disagreement would collapse into mere mis-understanding (MacFarlane 2014, 119–20)

elevant to the occurrence and behaviour of the phenomena of interest are included in the representation (

faultlessness can concern epis-temic warrant, truth, accuracy, or the constitutive norms governing belief or assertion (2014, 133–4)

if you have seen 100 white swans does not guarantee that all swans are white

As a very explicit part of the natural method, we need to take the evolutionary perspective

epiphenomenalism

rrationality, or I should say ‘irrationalities’, plural, can be manageablein game theory as long as the nature of the particular ‘irrationality’can be identified

essentialist or unitary theories of privacy that seek to identify a meaningful conceptual core—that is, “a common set of necessary and sufficient elements that single out privacy as unique from other conceptions.”21Others have adopted reductionist approaches that define privacy as instrumen-tal to realizing a more basic human value, such as liberty, autono-my, property, or bodily integrity.

Figure 2.Typology of objects of the right to privacy

Privacy of data and image. Here the authors express concerns about automated forms of data and image sharing, and the ease at which third parties may access data without the data subject’s knowing. They express the sentiment that people should be able to “exercise a substantial degree of control over that data and its use.”

Informational privacy

Privacy of Personal Data.

Reserve

Anonymity

Solitude

Privacy theory, in both law and the social sciences, is wide-spread and highly varied. Scholars argue over how we should de-fine privacy, what interests it does or should protect, what consti-tutes an intrusion of privacy, and whether privacy has inherent or merely instrumental value.1

Section 6,

(informational privacy)

by ∧E

Which aggressive film?

percentage correct

8Skinner

4.

3.

2.

1.

Logical Truth

Expression of TFL

Jointly tautologically consistent

Contradiction(TFL)

Tautological Entailment

Soundness

Covariates

(1) In general, it would be risky to give (the information)to online companies.(2) There would be high potential for loss associatedwith giving (the information) to online firms.(3) There would be too much uncertainty associated withgiving (the information) to online firms.(4) Providing online firms with (the information) wouldinvolve many unexpected problems.(5) I would feel safe giving (the information) to onlinecompanies.r∗

Collection: Seven-point scales anchored with “strongly dis-agree” and “strongly agree” (Smith et al. 1996). Adapted toan Internet environment (e.g., companies⇒online compa-nies).(1) It usually bothers me when online companies ask mefor personal information.(2) When online companies ask me for personal informa-tion, I sometimes think twice before providing it.(3) It bothers me to give personal information to so manyonline companies.(4) I’m concerned that online companies are collectingtoo much personal information about me.

Trusting Beliefs: Seven-point scales anchored with“strongly disagree” and “strongly agree” (Jarvenpaa andTractinsky 1999, some items newly developed).(1) Online companies would be trustworthy in handling(the information).

(1) All things considered, the Internet would cause seri-ous privacy problems.∗(2) Compared to others, I am more sensitive about theway online companies handle my personal information.(3) To me, it is the most important thing to keep my pri-vacy intact from online companies.(4) I believe other people are too much concerned withonline privacy issues.∗(5) Compared with other subjects on my mind, personalprivacy is very important.∗(6) I am concerned about threats to my personal privacytoday

That other citizen will also, then, be in thedomain. So for everyone in the domain, there will be someone (else) in the domain withwhom they are in a civil partnership. Hence ‘∀x∃yLxy’ is true. But the conclusion is clearlyfalse, for that would require that there is some single person who is in a civil partnershipwith everyone in the domain, and there is no such person. So the argument is invalid

Wa∧ ¬ˆa=d∧Rad’ is true, because ‘Wa’ is true and ‘a=d’ is false

for each name that we care to consider, an assignment of exactly one object withinthe domain

you know for sure that a conjunction is false whenever one of the conjuncts isfalse

You also know for sure that a disjunction is true whenever one of the disjuncts is true. So ifyou find a true disjunct, there is no need to work out the truth values of the other disjuncts

T

The column that matters most is the column underneath themain logical operatorfor thesentence, since this tells you the truth value of the entire sentence

T

HELEN NISSENBAUM, PRIVACY IN CONTEXT:TECHNOLOGY,POLICY,AND THE INTEGRITY OF SOCIAL LIFE

privacy concerns are often a functionof past experiences

This suggests thatpeople value privacy more when they have itthan when they do not.

Westin (21)famouslyused broad (that is, not contextually specific) pri-vacy questions in surveys to cluster individualsinto privacy segments: privacy fundamentalists,pragmatists, and unconcerned.

cast around for cues

(6).

’

Otherwise, start counting the brackets. For each open-bracket, i.e. ‘(’, add 1; foreach closing-bracket, i.e. ‘’, subtract 1. When your count is at exactly 1, the firstoperator you hit (apartfrom a ‘¬’) is the main logical operator.

unless you want to be deliberately ambiguous

’

Shergar is a horse only if it he is a mammal

‘∨’ always symbolisesaninclusive or

Sentence19merely says that I will play withatleastone of them

e also say that ‘D’ and ‘M’ are thedisjuncts of the disjunction ‘ˆD∨M’

∧

If Jane isunhappy, then she is not happy; but sentence8does not mean the same thing as ‘It is notthe case that Jane is happy’. Jane might be neither happy nor unhapp

even thoughsentence5does not contain the word ‘not’, we shall symbolise it as follows: ‘¬R

table

Report

1. Using the model chosen in Step 4 of Section 2.1, predict the outcome values for theN= 10new observations

1. Which modeling approach performed best in the regression task? Provide a statistical justi-fication for your answer.

3. Which subject had thehighestpredicted regression outcome in Section 2.3? Which subjecthas thelowestpredicted outcome value? (NOTE: the subjects’ names are given in thedataset’s row-names.)

2.1 Regression Task

Regression

Y

bestfit

DV

Regression

The young emphasize Post-Materialist values more than the old,

Anemphasisonpersonalandpoliticalfree-dom,participation(moresayingovernment,inone'scommunity,andonthejob),equality,toleranceofminoritiesandthoseholdingdifferentopinions,opennesstonewideasandnewlifestyles,environmentalprotectionandconcernforqualityoflifeissues,self-indul-gence,andself-actualization(InglehartandFlanagan,1987,p.1304)

Conclusions

Autonomyandfreedomofchoicecouldbeinjeopardyifpriorityisgiventootherconcerns.

BestofHealthperspectivetoimprovehealthandlongevitycouldincreasepressureonpeopletopracticehealthyliving,therebypotentiallyplacinglimitsontheirautonomyandonsharedhealthdecision-making–concernsintheTakingPersonalControlperspective

Qualitycareisrelevantandcost-effective,asdeterminedbythehealthministryandinsurancecompanies

Qualitycareensureswell-being,asdeterminedbyeachindividual.

Qualitycareenablessocialparticipation,withaparticularfocusonthevulnerable

Careconsistsofpreventionandcurativetreatment

Collectivelyfundedcareisnarrowedtoessentialservices

Preventionandcarearebroadnotionsthatmayincludealternativemedicineandlifecoaching.

Careextendsbeyondmedicalcareandincludesservicesforwelfare,occupationalhealth,mentalhealthandrehabilitation.

Qualitycaremeanscuringtheillandpreventingprematuredeath

You’rehealthyifyougeneratenocostsforcurativeorlong-termcare

Healthprimarilymeansqualityoflife;individualsdetermineforthemselveswhatthatinvolves

You’rehealthyifyoudonothaveadisease;ahealthylifestyleisahealthydiet,sufficientexerciseandnotsmoking

You’rewellifyouparticipate

HealthyProsperity’goodcareisprimarilycost-effectivecareforthosewhoreallyneedit

TakingPersonalControl’,eachindividualdeter-mineswhatgood-qualitycareis

EveryonePar-ticipates’theemphasisisontheeffectsofhealthcareonsocialparticipation

IntheBestofHealth’,healthcarequalitymeansthatillnessesarecuredandprematuredeathisavoided

HealthyProsperity’,‘health’standsmainlyforaslittlehealthcarespendingaspossible

‘TakingPersonalControl’,containsnouniversallyvalidconceptionofhealth.Individualpeopledeterminethatforthemselves

clinicaldiagnosesareirrelevant,sincesocialparticipationisthevitalconcern

IntheBestofHealth’perspective,‘health’isunderstoodmainlyastheabsenceofdisease

directionofnaturepolicy

Atrendscenarioassumesacontinuationofhistoricaltrendswithnoneworadditionalpoliciesbeingimplemented

Inpolicyfieldsforwhichitisnotsensibletoassumecontinuityorstability,ornormativeconsensus,normativefuturesstudiescanprovideaddedvaluebyexplicitlytakingsocialandnormativeuncertaintiesintoaccount

spin-offscouldoccurandwin-winstrategiescouldbecreated(opportuni-ties).Itwouldalsoidentifyareasinwhichnegativeside-effectscouldariseandwherepoliticalandotherchoiceswouldbenec-essary

rceived control over both good and bad outcomes are associated with low levels of depression (

ective conditions of powerlessness

TheLadyTastingTea

weaker among in-dividuals with higher levels of non-material copingresources

positive relationship between higher income in-equality and higher levels of depressive symptoms to bemediated by individuals’ non-material coping resources,i.e., social support and psychological coping resources

effect of in-come inequality on depressive symptoms to be strongestin the middle range of the social hierarchy and weakeramong the individuals at the bottom and at the top ofthe social hierarchy

because they have other priorities,e.g., managing the chronic economic strain of their day-to-day life

social com-parisons mediate this relationship

average level of depressivesymptoms of the population should be higher in coun-tries with higher income inequality than in countrieswith lower income inequality

differ for in-dividuals with different relative SES positions?

more non-material coping resources experience aweaker effect of inequality than individual with fewercoping resources?

more socialcomparisons and fewer non-material coping resourcesin more unequal countries?

to whatextent do country differences in income inequality re-late to individuals’ depressive symptoms

re-sources

It may also mean thatin its application, it is 'a potentially subversivesubject' which 'if taken seriously as an instrumentof the long run welfare of man [sic] wouldendanger the assumptions and practices acceptedby modern science' (Sears, 1964) and in the senseof Bookchin's (1970) observation that whenecology is applied to the human situation it is'intrinsically a critical science—in fact critical on ascale that most systems of political science failedto attain'.

hristopher Alexander an

Health and the community ecosystem

Human development: the focus for sustainablehealth

The Mandala of Health: a health model of thehuman ecosystem

cannot see the dan-gers of the ordinary way of life, or they lack the abil-ity to redesign their lives

As a result, the individual feels healthy, functions well, and recovers naturally from infections, injuries, and cellular errors

Eudemonic

Centre forEpidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale

General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)

Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)

Modification indices indicate that being satisfied with life (item c) is more closelyrelated to evaluating one’s life as ideal (item a), and less to perceiving one’slifeconditions as ideal

RMSE

0.06

is seen as an essential need for psychological well-being, while it is notexplicitly defined in the CASP scale

DISCUSSIONIn

Patients’broad perception of health, or‘positivehealth’, should receive attention, as this may preventmisunderstandings and improve communication inmedical practice, especially when‘shared decisionmaking’is also practised and the question is posed onwhich aspect of the web diagram the patient has thewish to improve his/her situation. This could very wellbe a different area than the medical domain andanother professional than a physician mightfirst beneeded. This approach might empower patients and bythat connect to the new concept of health

nowballsamplin

Question 3 (Do your indicators of health representthe new concept?) was not included in the online ques-tionnaire as this question did notfit well in the question-naire and it was expected not to yield reliable answers.In the qualitative phase, question 3 was connected toeach respondent’s own list of health indicators, whereasin the survey afixed set of indicators was presented tothe respondents

The results of the qualitative phase were quantitativelytested in an anonymous, structured online questionnaireincluding all stakeholder groups (see online supplemen-taryfile 1)

During this explorative phase, 37 qualitative (semistruc-tured) interviews and 13 focus group sessions were held,involving a total of 140 people from seven stakeholderdomains

Question 3 (Do your indicators of health representthe new concept?) comprisedfixed answers of yes or no;therefore, these responses were quantified aspercentages

t can be an excuse for policymakers, as if people just need toadapt to existing, poor living conditions

This process resulted in an initial choice of categories

Individual and minigroup interviews (two or threepersons) were conducted by thefirst author face to face,except from two interviews by phone call.

thefirst step (A) was made with quali-tative methodology in order to explore and generatedata (different forms of interviews analysed with a mani-fest content analysis). The second step (B) was a verifica-tion phase that used quantitative methodology (across-sectional survey

The study considered three research questions:1. What do the various stakeholders consider to be posi-tive and negative elements of the new generalconcept of health, and which elements should bespecified in more detail?2. What do different stakeholders consider to be indica-tors of health?3. Do these indicators represent the new concept ofhealth?

A concept was preferred over adefinition that implies having set boundaries andprecise, defined meanings.

the old definitiondescribed an unattainable utopian and static state,according to which almost everybody to some extentcould be considered ill, and which unintentionally couldenhance the risk of medicalisation.

aracci R. The World Health Organisation needs to reconsider itsdefinition of health.BMJ1997;314:1409–10.4. Bircher J. Towards a dynamic definition of health and disease.MedHealth Care Philos2005;8:335–41.5. Wylie CM. The definition and measurement of health and disease.Public Health Rep1970;85:100–4.6. Smith R.The end of disease and the beginning of health[WWWdocument]. 2008. http://blogs.bmj.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/bmj/2008/07/08/richard-smith-the-end-of-disease-and-the-beginning-of-health/7. Fitzgerald FT. The tyranny of health.N Engl J Med1994;331:196–8

Thefaceofinnocence...butwhatarethehandsdoing?

Theword‘probability’inducessuicidalideationinmostpeople(myselfincluded)soitseemsfittingthatweuseanexampleaboutthrowingourselvesoffacliff

Ordinalvariable:Thesameasanominalvariablebutthecategorieshavealogicalorder(e.g.,whetherpeoplegotafail,apass,ameritoradistinctionintheirexam).Continuous(entitiesgetadistinctscore):Intervalvariable:Equalintervalsonthevariablerepresentequaldifferencesinthepropertybeingmeasured(e.g.,thedifferencebetween6and8isequivalenttothedifferencebetween13and15).Ratiovariable:Thesameasanintervalvariable,buttheratiosofscoresonthescalemustalsomakesense(e.g.,ascoreof16onananxietyscalemeansthatthepersonis,inreality,twiceasanxiousassomeonescoring8)

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/mathsisagoodsiteforrevisingbasicmaths

SYMBOLSUSEDINTHISBOOK

Like most academics I’m slightly high on the autis-tic spectrum, and I used to get fed up with people telling me to ‘ignore’ options or ‘ignore that bit of the output’.