Important/TLDR Warning: Syllabi can be long, but they are important: read all, below (includes information on extra credit, late 'freebies,' dropped discussions, classroom policies, and more).

A familiar example of an oppressed ethnic group with a distinctive dialect is African-Americans. They have a unique history among minorities in the United States, with their centuries-long experience as captive slaves and subsequent decades under Jim Crow laws. (These laws restricted their rights after their emancipation from slavery.) With the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 and other laws, African-Americans gained legal rights to access public places and housing, but it is not possible to eliminate racism and discrimination only by passing laws; both still exist among the white majority. It is no longer “politically correct” to openly express racism, but it is much less frowned upon to express negative attitudes about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE). Typically, it is not the language itself that these attitudes are targeting; it is the people who speak it

In the United States such groups are frequently referred to as “races,” but there is no such thing as biological race, and this misconception has historically led to racism and discrimination. Because of the social implications and biological inaccuracy of the term “race,” it is often more accurate and appropriate to use the terms ethnicity or ethnic group

all African-Americans do not speak an African-American dialect.

Among the societies living in the islands of Oceania in the Pacific, fish have great economic and cultural importance. This is reflected in the rich vocabulary that describes all aspects of the fish and the environments that islanders depend on for survival. For example, in Palau there are about 1,000 fish species and Palauan fishermen knew, long before biologists existed, details about the anatomy, behavior, growth patterns and habitat of most of them—in many cases far more than modern biologists know even today. Much of fish behavior is related to the tides and the phases of the moon. Throughout Oceania, the names given to certain days of the lunar months reflect the likelihood of successful fishing. For example, in the Caroline Islands, the name for the night before the new moon is otolol, which means “to swarm.” The name indicates that the best fishing days cluster around the new moon. In Hawai`i and Tahiti two sets of days have names containing the particle `ole or `ore; one occurs in the first quarter of the moon and the other in the third quarter. The same name is given to the prevailing wind during those phases. The words mean “nothing,” because those days were considered bad for fishing as well as planting.

There is nothing inherently better or worse in either pronunciation; it depends entirely on the social norms of the community.

He found 1) that the responders in the two stores differed overall in their pronunciation of this sound, and 2) that the same person may differ between situations of less and more self-consciousness (first versus second answer). That is, people in the upscale store tended to pronounce the /r/, and responders in both stores tended to produce the standard pronunciation more in their second answers in an effort to sound “higher class.” These results showed that the pronunciation or deletion of /r/ in New York correlates with both social status and context.[4]

Non-standard varieties of English, also known as vernaculars, are usually distinguished from the standard by their inclusion of such stigmatized forms as multiple negatives, the use of the verb form ain’t (which was originally the normal contraction of am not, as in “I ain’t,” comparable to “you aren’t,” or “she isn’t”); pronunciation of words like this and that as dis and dat; pronunciation of final “–ing” as “–in;” and any other feature that grammarians have decreed as “improper” English.

Those eighteenth-century grammarians said we must use either don’t or no, but not both, that is, “I don’t have any money” or “I have no money.” They based this on a mathematical rule that says that two negatives make a positive.

Aspasia and Pericles had a son, Pericles the Younger, born no later than 440/39 BC.[e][28] At the time of Pericles the Younger's birth, Pericles had two legitimate sons, Paralus and Xanthippus

She has continued to be a subject of both visual and literary artists until the present. From the twentieth century, she has been portrayed as both a sexualised and sexually liberated woman, and as a feminist role model fighting for women's rights in ancient Athens.

Though Aspasia is one of the best-attested women from the Greco-Roman world, and the most important woman in the history of fifth-century Athens, almost nothing is certain about her life.

If you know something to be true, but are incapable of persuading others, then it is hard for this knowledge to be put to use.

In Ancient Greece, the idea of rhetoric was always under suspicion. And a female rhetorician was perhaps doubly suspect

This is how she came into contact with the philosopher Socrates, who — according to the account left by Plato — regarded her as his teacher.

In 1922, Rose worked with the ALA to organize a group of librarians to exchange ideas and discuss issues of working with African Americans.[2]

She emphasized programs that would help immigrants adjust to a new country rather than programs design to "Americanize" them, as was the norm at the time.[2]

Andrews was born on Tuesday, May 21, 1901

Their shared aims are to protect against the inequities and casualties of the market economy through government regulation and (to a greater or lesser extent) public ownership, establish fair labor practices, expand public investment, defend human rights, and pursue social and environmental justice at home and abroad.

Our wide range of hands-on learning courses offer students the opportunity to put their theory into practice through for-credit Professional Experiences and paid Co-op experience.

You may have heard of Zora Neale Hurston or Bessie Smith—but do you know of Georgia Douglas Johnson? Augusta Savage? Nella Larsen? These—and dozens more—were women of the Harlem Renaissance.

Anderson outlived virtually all of the other members of the Harlem Renaissance.

Throughout, Anderson kept focused on her job. She would later write that she saw “the use of books as our strongest means of promoting intercultural understanding.

Another frequent guest was Carl Van Vechten, a white writer and photographer; after he published a controversial book with a racist title based on his experiences there, he was apparently kicked out.

“I always considered myself an American. I don’t know what else I could be,” she explained to her interviewer. “To us you’re not an American,” he replied. “You’re not white.”

although Anderson doesn’t show up in many contemporary accounts of the period, she was there the whole time: lending out books, throwing parties, fighting for opportunities of her own, and enabling the spread of ideas that made the era what it was.

On a typical day in 1923 or 1924, Anderson might leave her desk at the 135th Street Branch of the New York Public Library and drop a letter to W.E.B. Du Bois in the mailbox. She may go home to her apartment on St. Nicholas Avenue to check up on her couchsurfer, Zora Neale Hurston. Or she might hit the town with Countee Cullen, and then finish out the night cooking bacon and eggs for Langston Hughes.

ou might not know about Regina Anderson, but you’ve probably heard of many of her friends

The next year, she was one of ten African Americans to be honored for her contributions at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York City.

Why is mob murder permitted by a Christian nation?

I think what Black Arts did was inspire a whole lot of Black people to write. Moreover, there would be no multiculturalism movement without Black Arts. Latinos, Asian Americans, and others all say they began writing as a result of the example of the 1960s. Blacks gave the example that you don’t have to assimilate. You could do your own thing, get into your own background, your own history, your own tradition and your own culture. I think the challenge is for cultural sovereignty and Black Arts struck a blow for that.

I think what Black Arts did was inspire a whole lot of Black people to write. Moreover, there would be no multiculturalism movement without Black Arts. Latinos, Asian Americans, and others all say they began writing as a result of the example of the 1960s. Blacks gave the example that you don’t have to assimilate. You could do your own thing, get into your own background, your own history, your own tradition and your own culture. I think the challenge is for cultural sovereignty and Black Arts struck a blow for that.

The Bamana originated as a royal section of the Mandinka people.

However, even this effort faced resistance. The library system insisted that she include Little Black Sambo, a book that Baker personally despised for its racist imagery

One of her earliest and most significant contributions was curating a list of books that positively portrayed Black life. Part of what she’s known for is that she said, “I don’t like these books that I’m reading to my children in Harlem. They’re not representative of everyday life and the everyday joy.”

“When you have Black women who grew up under Jim Crow and had a disability, not including disability in their narrative is shameful. It’s shameful on us. It doesn’t give a full-circle understanding of who they are, and it shows our lack of comfortability of connecting disability to these people,” Thompson said.

Baker immediately recognized the damaging effects of these misrepresentations and set out to address them.

A pioneer for Black librarianship, she was the first Black person to earn a B.S. in library and information studies from SUNY Albany.

Skim through the middle of the article and look for a statement of research methodology, and any visuals presented. What are the method(s) for collecting evidence or answering the article’s research question?

Do you highlight and make notes in the text?

Do you read start to finish?

Learning to efficiently read research and scholarly writing is a skill that will help greatly with managing your time and workflow. Instead of spending time thoroughly reading every word in dense scholarly articles, learn to strategically approach reading to pull out the most relevant pieces of the writing, and quickly evaluate a source’s overall methodology and approach. This module will help you read scholarly writing more efficiently. There are many different ways to go about reading, and no one technique will work for everyone. With time and practice, these strategic reading techniques will get easier and more natural.

Their decisions invariably favored the dialect spoken by the aristocracy.

Although it started as a feature of California English, it has spread all across the country, and even to many young second-language speakers of English. It’s, like, totally awesome dude!

it's the even more hierarchical structures of the Catholic church that causes Cheek to wonder whether Catholics will ever allow women priests. "It has such a different polity from ours," she said, "that it's hard to imagine how it could." The change in Episcopal church law allowing ordination of women as priests was one that "the House of Deputies (half clergy, half laity) and the House of Bishops both voted for." Catholicism is missing that more democratic structure, she said, and thus it will be harder to make the change. "But," she added, "if a pope were elected who was passionate about it, who knows what would happen?" As Jefferts Schori looks toward the possibility of Catholic female priests, she has concluded, "I don't think it's going to happen in my lifetime. The Orthodox may get there before the Romans do.

Heyward praises much of the tone and approach Pope Francis has set. But when it comes to women's issues, she said, "he does not seem to be all that -- I don't know what word to use but I'm going to use the word -- aware that there really are significant problems in Christian tradition and especially in Catholic tradition when it comes to the role and place of women."

One of the Philadelphia 11, Carter Heyward, now retired from teaching at the Episcopal Divinity School in Cambridge, Mass., told NCR that there is "kind of a glass ceiling effect in the church." That, she said, has to do with a common attitude that, "yes, there can be women priests in the Episcopal church, but how many do we actually want?" Beyond that, she said, some congregations worry that they'll become known as places who hire only female priests.

Although, as O'Dell writes, Heyward considered the ordination the "most extraordinary and finest day" of her life, she and other surviving members of the Philadelphia 11, as well as women ordained later, have not remained frozen in that turbulent time of Watergate just before Richard Nixon's resignation. Rather, they have continued to respond to changing theological ideas and needs in a church that's often been near the front of such social movements as equal rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community.

Born on June 29, 1832, in Lebanon, Rafqa was urged by her relatives to marry at the age of 14

The Aja speak a language known as Aja-Gbe, or simply 'Aja'; only 1-5% are literate in their native tongue. According to one source, voodoo originated with the Aja

“[n]othing is more punitive than to give a disease a meaning – that meaning being invariably a moralistic one.”

The fraught relationship between Burr and Hamilton is at the center of Miranda’s show. In the opening number, Burr introduces Hamilton as a “bastard, orphan, son of a whore and a Scotsman”: lyrics derived from a contemptuous description by John Adams

There was extraordinary dramatic potential in Hamilton’s story: the characteristics that allowed him to rise also insured his fall.

For example, eye contact for Americans is highly valued as a way to show we are paying attention and as a means of showing respect. But for the Japanese, eye contact is usually inappropriate, especially between two people of different social statuses

There is plenty of evidence for this in the U.S. educational system. You might very well have had this same experience. It makes you wonder why our schools rarely offer foreign language classes before the junior high school level

Although the theory of UG is somewhat controversial

Humans think in language and do all cultural activities using language. It surrounds our every waking and sleeping moments, although we do not usually think about its importance. For that matter, humans do not think about their immersion in culture either, much as fish, if they were endowed with intelligence, would not think much about the water that surrounds them

This month, the disability community lost a visionary, artist, oracle, and impactful leader: Lois Curtis. Lois Curtis is a Black disabled woman who passed in her home at 55. If you don’t know the name Lois Curtis, please read and learn about her and the immense impact she has had in the fight for disability rights.

There is still a demand for some skilled trades that do not require a bachelor's degree, such as paralegals, police officers, mechanics, electricians, and technicians.[76][77][78]

In Alaska, the Service, as well as theState of Alaska Department of Fishand Game Subsistence Division,collect and use TEK for researchand monitoring fish populationsunder the Federal SubsistenceManagement Program

For example, during the17th century the German bornbotanist Georg Eberhard Rumphiusbenefited from local biologicalknowledge in producing hiscatalogue, Herbarium Amboinense

One of the things that art does is it can actually challenge you to think more deeply or differently about identity, how we see it, or what we actually think it is,

hile he was interviewing Inuit elders in Alaska to find out more about their knowledge of beluga whales and how the mammals might respond to the changing Arctic, researcher Henry Huntington lost track of the conversation as the hunters suddenly switched from the subject of belugas to beavers. It turned out though, that the hunters were still really talking about whales. There had been an increase in beaver populations, they explained, which had reduced spawning habitat for salmon and other fish, which meant less prey for the belugas and so fewer whales.

From Alaska to Australia, scientists are turning to the knowledge of traditional people for a deeper understanding of the natural world. What they are learning is helping them discover more about everything from melting Arctic ice, to protecting fish stocks, to controlling wildfires.

The federal government is growing larger and lessconstitutionally accountable—even to the President—every year.

By the 9th century, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands, where it gradually blended with and supplanted older Celtic rites

Look at America under the rulingand cultural elite today: Inflation is ravaging family budgets, drug overdose deathscontinue to escalate, and children suffer the toxic normalization of transgender-ism with drag queens and pornography invading their school libraries

cultural Marxism

They are inseparable because language encodes culture and provides the means through which culture is shared and passed from one generation to the next

An integrated system of mental elements (beliefs, values, worldview, attitudes, norms), the behaviors motivated by those mental elements, and the material items created by those behaviors; A system shared by the members of the society; 100 percent learned, not innate; Based on symbolic systems, the most important of which is language; Humankind’s most important adaptive mechanism, and Dynamic, constantly changing.

The problem that confronts us today, and which the nearest future is to solve, is how to be one’s self and yet in oneness with others, to feel deeply with all human beings and still retain one’s own characteristic qualities

Who is Emma Goldman – when did she live, and how was she active? (You will need to do some research for this question)

“These degrees are symbolic of a collective struggle and a collective victory that extends far beyond the individual … We knew that economic measures of degree value did not accurately reflect the significance of those degrees for us.”

And those qualities, which I believe have passed into white culture from Indian culture, are the very ones that fundamentalists, immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia often find the most reprehensible. Third- and fourth-generation Americans indulge in growing nudity, informality in social relations, egalitarianism, and the rearing of women who value autonomy, strength, freedom, and personal dignity—;and who are often derided by European, Asian, and Middle Eastern men for those qualities.

The early Americans saw the strongly protective attitude of the Indian people as a mark of their "savagery"—as they saw the Indian's habit of bathing frequently, their sexual openness, their liking for scant clothing, their raucous laughter at most things, their suspicion and derision of authoritarian structures, their quick pride, their genuine courtesy, their willingness to share what they had with others less fortunate than they, their egalitarianism, their ability to act as if various lifestyles were a normal part of living, and their granting that women were of equal or, in individual cases, of greater value than men.

Even though Indians are officially and informally ignored as intellectual movers and shapers in the United States, Britain, and Europe, they are peoples with ancient tenure on this soil. During the ages when tribal societies existed in the Americas largely untouched by patriarchal oppression, they developed elaborate systems of thought that included science, philosophy, and government based on a belief in the central importance of female energies, autonomy of individuals, cooperation, human dignity, human freedom, and egalitarian distribution of status, goods, and services. Respect for others, reverence for life, and as a by-product, pacifism as a way of life; importance of kinship ties in the customary ordering social interaction; a sense of the sacredness and mystery of existence; balance and harmony in relationships both sacred and secular were all features of life among the tribal confederacies and nations. And in,those that lived by the largest number of these principles, gynarchy was the norm rather than the exception. Those systems are as yet unmatched in any contemporary industrial, agrarian, or postindustrial society on earth.

America does not seem to remember that it derived its wealth, its values, its food, much of its medicine, and a large part of its "dream" from Native America. It is ignorant of the genesis of its culture in this Native American land, and that ignorance helps to perpetuate the long-standing European and Middle Eastern monotheistic, hierarchical, patriarchal cultures' oppression of women, gays, and lesbians, people of color, working class, unemployed people, and the elderly

They believe that the roots of oppression are to be found in the loss of tradition and memory because that loss is always accompanied by a loss of positive sense of self. In short, Indians think it is important to remember, while Americans believe it is important to forget.

This importance of tradition in the life of every member of the community is not confined to Keres Indians; all American Indian Nations place great value on traditionalism.

He was admittedly very drunk and simply not thinking straight

In beach areas, use reef safe sunscreen without harmful ingredients like oxybenzone and octinoxate, and never step on coral or stir up sediment (which can also cause damage to the ecosystem).5

Every time one of my videos is watched, an advertisement plays, and I’ll make a small percentage. We’re talking very small. But times that by the amount of people who watch my videos, and things start to ad up (pun intended).

And while it may be just a few Americans who give the rest of us a bad rap

The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships

The Bahama islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, for many centuries.[13] Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "New World" in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador.

In 1950, Cleary published her first book. Henry Higgins

Linguistic anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, for instance, examined interrelationships between culture, language, and cognition. They argued that the language one speaks plays a critical role in determining how one thinks, particularly in terms of understanding time, space, and matter

But given her position as an enslaved person and a woman of color, it’s almost certain that Tituba’s confession was coerced.

Perhaps the most salient point about witch trials, students quickly come to see, is gender. In Salem, 14 of the 19 people found guilty of and executed for witchcraft during that cataclysmic year of 1692 were women.

Fears that white women were being coerced into prostitution led to the “white slavery” scare of the 1910s, spurring a concerted attack on brothels by progressive reformers. These reformers used the emergency of World War I to close public brothels, pushing America’s sex markets into clandestine spaces and empowering pimps’ control over women’s sexual labor.

These women turned to prostitution on a casual or steady basis as a survival strategy in a sex segregated labor market that paid women perilously low wages, or in response to family disruptions such as paternal or spousal abandonment.

Consequently, reforms were enacted during that time, such as the legalization of recreational marijuana in an increasing number of states and the passage of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 that reduced the discrepancy of crack-to-powder possession thresholds for minimum sentences from 100-to-1 to 18-to-1. Prison reform legislation enacted in 2018 further reduced the sentences for some crack cocaine–related convictions. While the War on Drugs is still technically being waged, it is done at a much less intense level than it was during its peak in the 1980s.

War on Drugs, the effort in the United States since the 1970s to combat illegal drug use by greatly increasing penalties, enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders.

Lyrics were often politicised or critical of what was increasingly seen as a country run by arcane and regressive institutions.

The surge of – and appetite for – the punk scene in the late 1970s and early 1980s wasn’t limited purely to the music. It became an ideology, spawning literature, poetry, fashion and political defiance

Ideally we would all get much better at preventing bullying, ensure that children and professionals understand neurodiversity, and foster a sense of Weird Pride in those who are at risk of becoming outcasts.

Today, anthropologists recognize that human cultures constantly change as people respond to social, political, economic, and other external and internal influences—that there is no moment when a culture is more authentic or more primitive.

And because eating is almost always a group event (asopposed to sex

All animals eat, but we are the only animal that cooks. So cooking becomesmore than a necessity, it is the symbol of our humanity, what marks us offfrom the rest of nature.

it is more importantthan sex

The tradition of decorating Christmas trees comes from Germany.

So, starting in July 2019, Blackley began extreme baking. To make sourdough bread, bakers need to ensure the yeast is alive, active, and in balance with the ambient bacteria. They create a moist environment made of water and flour, and continually feed the yeast flour. When the yeasts digest the sugars, they release carbon dioxide, which makes the bread rise.

Such descriptions help readers better understand the internal logic of why people in a culture behave as they do and why the behaviors are meaningful to them.

A thick description explains not only the behavior or cultural event in question but also the context in which it occurs and anthropological interpretations of it

The topmost bony part of the nose is formed by the nasal part of the frontal bone, which lies between the brow ridges,[3] and ends in a serrated nasal notch.[4] A left and a right nasal bone join with the nasal part of the frontal bone at either side; and these at the side with the small lacrimal bones and the frontal process of each maxilla.[3] The internal roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the horizontal, perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone through which pass sensory fibres of the olfactory nerve. Below and behind the cribriform plate, sloping down at an angle, is the face of the sphenoid bone.

Formally, however, autistic children continued to be diagnosed under various terms related to schizophrenia in both the DSM and ICD,[4] but by the early 1970s, it had become more widely recognized that autism and schizophrenia were in fact distinct psychiatric conditions

“Patriarchy” is not a stable concept. It has fallen in and out of fashion, flourishing at moments of feminist renewal. Nevertheless, feminism began without it. Mary Wollstonecraft was clear, in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) that there was such as thing as “the tyranny of men”, but it was another 60 years before the term “patriarchy” was adopted as something like a theory of social relations

Others have argued that even if equality were achieved, patriarchy would still exist, because human institutions – political, legal, educational, cultural – are themselves, in their bones, patriarchal structures.

The moment of #MeToo brought this into relief: it revealed to many feminists that despite all those years of working hard, of leaning in, of waiting till unfairness gradually ebbed away, of absorbing and internalising sexism, of building starry careers or else toiling away in menial jobs in the hope that their children would have it better, you could still be pinned to a bed or cornered at a party or groped, or leered at or catcalled by a man – simply because of your woman’s body.

Bannon, Donald Trump’s former chief strategist, was one of 20 million Americans watching. In his view, the scene before him augured the beginning of a revolution “even more powerful than populism”, according to his biographer Joshua Green. “It’s deeper. It’s primal. It’s elemental. The long black dresses and all that – this is the Puritans. It’s anti-patriarchy,” Bannon declared. “If you rolled out a guillotine, they’d chop off every set of balls in the room … Women are gonna take charge of society. And they couldn’t juxtapose a better villain than Trump. He is the patriarch.” He concluded: “The anti-patriarchy movement is going to undo 10,000 years of recorded history.”

Males cannot love themselves in patriarchal culture if their very self-definition relies on submission to patriarchal rules.

Part of her theory carried through into another volume, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness, that women were not conscious that they were subordinate (and it might be otherwise) until this consciousness began slowly to emerge, starting with medieval Europe.

Strictly speaking, though, Kahlo was not a Surrealist, but a Surrealist discovery.

To the American art historian McKimley Helm she explained more, and he wrote: “One of them is the Frida that Diego had loved.” The second Frida, the one in the white dress, is the “woman Diego no longer loves.”5

Her niece, Isolda Kahlo, is convinced that the relationship between them was primarily that of mother and son. “Women,” said Kahlo, “would always like to have him in their arms like a new-born baby.

The diary also contains a kind of love chant. Diego was, she said, the beginning, the constructor, her child, boyfriend, lover, husband, friend, mother, father, son, herself and the universe. Another entry declares her desire to give birth to Diego: “At every moment he is my child, my child born every moment, diary, from myself.”

. The marriage of the exotic 19-year-old invalid to a titan more than twice her age (and almost twice her size) was marked by mutual dependency and moments of fierce passion.

Shortly thereafter, she was crushed in the bus accident

Like a Christian martyr, she displays her wounds. But she does not look heavenward for solace; realist even in her fantasy, Kahlo confronts pain head-on.

She thus becomes both active artist and passive model, dispassionate investigator of what it feels like to be a woman and passionate repository of feminine emotions

Looking at her face in a mirror, Kahlo perceives herself as depictor, not as object depicted

Her work explored private intensities of female experience—having abortions, for example—subjects that were thought wildly inappropriate for art.

all without competing with, or deferring to, him. Indeed she was known as Frida Kahlo, never Frida Rivera; she commanded attention as a painter and exotic personality quite apart from her connection with her husband.

She pursued self-awareness through art at a time and place when society almost prohibited a woman from seriously following a career.

Her spinal cord slowly deteriorated and she had to wear a metal brace to keep the bones from settling on each other

Although the scene would surely have appealed to her, we do not know how Kahlo would have chosen to paint it.

Continuity of the body with existence itself occurs only prior to our "self-possession" (a state that Lacan suggests occurs when we enter the symbolic order of language)

Woman is the figuration and potential, momentary fulfillment of that lack within the symbolic, patriarchal order described by Jacques Lacan

which Georges Bataille defines as the desire to break down the boundaries of self-containment in order to merge in continuity with another once again

. Psychoanalytic theory offers some possible rationales for the workings of the male gaze. According to most such theories, desire arises from a state of loss and represents a separation from the state of continuity (with the body of the mother); desire is a condition of discontinuity and "self" possession (as a participant in society), and thus it embodies a lack that can never be satisfied.

At this point we might consider briefly how the female nude actually functions as the "other" to male desire within the context of the genre

paintings of the nude fairly consistently (with some exceptions) have fashioned the female body according to male desires and fantasies, without regard for women's experiences of their own bodies

In a world ordered by sexual imbalance

Therefore, at issue in this discussion of Valadon's treatment of the conventions of the female nude is the historic representation of the female body for the male gaze

The best strategy is to start small. Read a couple of documents for context—try to get the gist but you don’t have to understand every word.

These advanced technologies can quickly and accurately interpret historical documents, handwritten letters and any other type of cursive script, making it possible to uncover the hidden stories and insights that these sources contain.

However, with the advent of AI-powered handwriting recognition technology

Cursive reading was once a labour-intensive task that required a great deal of skill and expertise. Scholars and historians would spend countless hours poring over old historical documents, trying to learn cursive writing.

Cursive handwriting has a rich history. The first people to write cursive letters were the ancient Romans

She was the illegitimate child of a domestic laborer, and by the age of six was freely roaming the streets of Montmartre, at the height of its bohemianism and artistic activity.

In her numerous images employing the traditionally male-dominated genre of the female nude,[2] Valadon creates a diversity of representations that vary according to the differential interaction of determinants such as gender, class, artistic conventions, and artistic milieu.

Poststructuralist studies, despite their many ruptures of traditional methodologies, too often have contrived to ignore class, race, and gender issues

Although the Post-Impressionist palette and Synthetist-like style apparent in a number of her works have allowed critics to place her easily within that milieu, her art engages that paradigm only tangentially.

She was well known during her lifetime, but more for her stereotypically bohemian and excessive "artistic" life-style than for her painting

Making the Strange Familiar and the Familiar Strange

“My mother championed the cause of women’s welfare and helped pioneer the microloans that have helped lift millions out of poverty,” said Obama in 2009.

During this early period of her life, Artemisia took inspiration from her father's painting style, which had in turn been heavily influenced by the work of Caravaggio

She was the eldest child of Prudenzia di Ottaviano Montoni and the Tuscan painter Orazio Gentileschi.

her, Alex Potts wrote that images and objects arenot only mediated by conventions, but meaning is largely activated by culturalconvention (Potts 1996, 20). How is it possible not to recognize an image orobject? When we recognize an image or object, how do we recognize it

There is always a connection between issues of race and gender and class. They don’t ever exist separately, and people who feel that they live them separately are really not understanding the multiple forces that have impacts on their identity and their lives.

. Sports promote a kind of romance or a group understanding and intimacy about the notion of teams, about men being together and men’s bodies being together.

Can a painting be feminist and sexist at the same time?

There are several plastic surgery procedures that can be done on the nose, known as rhinoplasties available to correct various structural defects or to change the shape of the nose.

Sneezing is a reflex to expel unwanted particles from the nose that irritate the mucosal lining. Sneezing can transmit infections, because aerosols are created in which the droplets can harbour pathogens

The nasal mucosa lining the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses carries out the necessary conditioning of inhaled air by warming and moistening it

It is also the principal organ in the olfactory system. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the nasal septum which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity into two. On average, the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.

While remaining cool to offers of marriage, she joined in a seemingly cloudless, lifelong and apparently Platonic union with a fellow woman artist, Nathalie Micas, who evidently provided her with the companionship and emotional warmth which she needed.

she, unlike the Saint-Simonians, considered marriage “a sacrament indispensable to the organization of society.”

In those refreshingly straightforward pre-Freudian days

It is to his doctrines that I owe the great, noble ambition I have conceived for the sex which I proudly affirm to be mine, and whose independence I will support to my dying day…

Although in her later years Rosa Bonheur might have made fun of some of the more far-fetched eccentricities of the members of the community, and disapproved of the additional strain which her father’s apostolate placed on her overburdened mother, it is obvious that the Saint-Simonian ideal of equality for women—they disapproved of marriage, their trousered feminine costume was a token of emancipation, and their spiritual leader, Le Père Enfantin, made extraordinary efforts to find a Woman Messiah to share his reign—made a strong impression on her as a child, and may well have influenced her future course of behavior

Rosa Bonheur

The tribe members were all monolingual Portuguese-speakers who long ago had lost their original language and many of their traditions. Beginning in the 1980s, several local researchers had conducted studies in the community and had concluded that the community had indigenous origins.

I soon learned that many among the Jenipapo-Kanindé did not embrace the Indian identity label.

Very rich and wealthy men would wear very bright, beautiful silk shoes, sometimes with leather on the inside.

Traditional Han clothing has a recorded history of more than three millennia until the end of the Ming dynasty.

How did the armchair anthropology and the off the veranda approaches differ as methods to study culture

What can be learned about a culture by experiencing it in person that cannot be learned from reading about it?

The controversy demonstrates the extent to which truth can be elusive in anthropological inquiry

do no harm; be open and honest regarding your work; obtain informed consent and necessary permissions; ensure the vulnerable populations in every study are protected from competing ethical obligations; make your results accessible; protect and preserve your records; and maintain respectful and ethical professional relationships. These principles sound simple, but can be complicated in practice.

The trials demonstrated that physicians and other scientists could be dangerous if they used their skills for abusive or exploitative goals

The book was an important contribution to the nature versus nurture debate, providing an argument that learned cultural roles were more important than biology

Benedict was a professor at Columbia University and in turn greatly influenced her student Margaret Mead, who went on to become one of the most well-known female American cultural anthropologists.

Ruth Benedict, one of Boas’ first female students, used cultural relativism as a starting point for investigating the cultures of the American northwest and southwest. Her best-selling book Patterns of Culture (1934) emphasized that culture gives people coherent patterns for thinking and behaving.

Using a commitment to cultural relativism as a starting point, these students continued to refine the concept of culture.

Certain studies have found that people with ADHD tend to have lower scores on intelligence quotient (IQ) tests.[94] The significance of this is controversial due to the differences between people with ADHD and the difficulty determining the influence of symptoms, such as distractibility, on lower scores rather than intellectual capacity. In studies of ADHD, higher IQs may be over-represented because many studies exclude individuals who have lower IQs despite those with ADHD scoring on average nine points lower on standardised intelligence measures.[95] However, other studies contradict this, saying that in individuals with high intelligence, there is an increased risk of an missed ADHD diagnosis, possibly because of compensatory strategies in said individuals.[96]

Girls and women with ADHD tend to display fewer hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms but more symptoms of inattention and distractibility.[41]

Clark later turned to social psychology and developed, with his wife Mamie, experiments using dolls to show how segregation affected Black children’s self-perception.

She started making animal sculptures from clay as a child, but her father strongly opposed her interest in art

Like other unmarried accusers of rapists, she was obliged to undergo examination by a midwife, to verify that she was no longer a virgin

Orazio’s goal of coercing Tassi into making good on his word to marry Artemisia would be unthinkable in a rape trial today.

The decision to publicly accuse Tassi of rape was made not by Artemisia but by her father, who sought to force Tassi to marry her

The way she portrays the female body is very naturalistic—more so than her father’s,

In 2018, a painting that shows David sitting triumphantly next to Goliath’s severed head—long attributed to the Baroque artist Giovanni Francesco Guerrieri—came to auction

Unlike male aspiring artists, she was unable to visit many of the churches and public buildings where the work of contemporaries had been commissioned, but in her local church, Santa Maria del Popolo, on the Piazza del Popolo, she would have seen two remarkable Caravaggio paintings:

The sometimes savage themes of her paintings have been interpreted as expressions of wrathful catharsis

The show, whose opening was delayed by the coronavirus pandemic, is organized in broad chronological order, and features Artemisia’s most significant achievements. (More than a hundred and thirty works have been ascribed to her hand, but only about half that number are universally agreed to be hers.)

When she registered, it was as a footnote to her father, Orazio Gentileschi, a well-regarded artist who specialized in the kind of historical and mythological scenes in vogue at the time. (Academics tend to refer to Artemisia by her first name, in order to distinguish her from her father

In her version, two men emerge from behind a marble balustrade, violently interrupting Susanna’s ablutions. Her head and her body torque away from the onlookers as she raises a hand toward them, in what looks like ineffectual self-defense.

In a treatment by Rubens from half a century later, on display at the Borghese Gallery, in Rome, Susanna is shown reaching for a shawl, realizing with horror that she has been exposed to two leering men. Sometimes the violence threatened against Susanna is indicated in the tableau: in a version by Ludovico Carracci that hangs in the National Gallery in London, one of the elders is tugging at Susanna’s robe, pulling it off her body

Searching for a Kindred Spirit

People with this personality type tend to feel directionless or stuck until they connect with a sense of purpose for their lives

A slightly more explicit, if not still exactly efficacious, attention to the issues of racial difference also began to be articulated more consistently in both discourse and exhibitions. Mona Hatoum , Adrian Piper , bell hooks, Lorna Simpson , Renée Green, Trinh T. Minh-ha, Coco Fusco and other theorist-artists explored the intertwining forces of racism and sexism.

from sexuality and reproductive rights, through domestic labor and official legal inequalities, to domestic violence and marital rape

It’s kind of horrible and sad, right? The Birth Project has been getting a lot of attention, and I think it is because it celebrates this central place of women in reproduction and our right to freedom and control over our own bodies, at a moment when that’s — yet again — under attack

That’s evidenced by the fact that women in their 20s are going to have to fight the same damn fights for reproductive rights that my generation fought.

A lot of women artists [in my community] didn’t identify as feminist, didn’t want to be called feminist artists, but I still supported the

And I also understood that success as an artist depends on a community of support — supporting family members, gallerists, collectors, critics, curators — and I didn’t have any of that

There she had five children and established herself as an independent artist, becoming an early woman member of the Academy of the Arts of Drawing in 1616.

For example, Mulvey notes that many “classic” Hollywood films show women’s body parts (a leg, a declotage, etc.), but not women as whole beings–the camera literally butchers women into their most tasty, delectable cuts. Cutting up women, objectifying them, that’s what we like, aesthetically, in classic Hollywood cinema.