38 Matching Annotations
  1. Jun 2017
    1. single-stranded, thread-like, genetic material of RNA,

      Both HCV and Marburg Virus contain ssRNA for genetic material.

    2. no vaccine for the Marburg virus (WHO).

      Both HCV and Marburg Virus have no available vaccines.

    1. there is no vaccine available for HCV

      Both HCV and Marburg Virus have no available vaccines.

    2. positive sense RNA

      Both HCV and Marburg Virus contain ssRNA for genetic material.

  2. May 2017
    1. SPI-1 is required for bacterial invasion into intestinal epithelial cells, while systemic infections and intracellular accumulation of Salmonella spp. are dependent on the function of SPI-2 (Valle

      pathogenicity island

    2. Resistance of Salmonella spp. to the lytic action of complement (part of the immune response) is directly related to the length of the O side chain (Jay et al. 2003).

      resistance to complement system

    1. Salmonella enterica is estimated to cause 1.2 million illnesses each year in the United States and to be the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from foodborne disease

      common cause of outbreak

    1. The death rate may be as high as 40–80%in untreated immuno-suppressed patients and can be reduced to 5–30% through appropriate case management and depending on the severity of the clinical signs and symptoms. Overall the death rate is usually within the range of 5–10%.

      mortaility rate

    1. phagosomes will fuse with lysosomes and pathogenic microorganisms are killed, but in this case acidification of the phagosome does not take place, and its membrane does not get late endosomal markers, like rab7 and LAMP-1.

      persistance/immune evasion

  3. Apr 2017
    1. vancomycin creep

      result of overuse of vanomycin. must be cautious to reduce chances adverse effects in the future from toxicity

    2. enterococci that became vancomycin resistant, mostly Enterococcus faecium

      resistance

    3. effective against most Gram-positive cocci and bacilli with

      antibiotic usefulness

    4. renal toxicity

      present day side effect caustion

    1. s: acetoin production from glucose (positive Vogues-Proskauer reaction), arginine, and sorbitol. These are very useful for the differentiation of this group from oth

      biochem

    2. Epidemiology of resistance in children.

      antibiotic resistance

    1. The ability to invade HUVEC was exhibited by selected strains of S. gordonii, S. sanguis, S. mutans, S. mitis, and S. oralis but only weakly by S. salivarius. Comparison of isogenic pairs of S. gordonii revealed a requirement for several surfa

      attachement

    1. S mutans and S sanguis (involved in dental caries), S mitis (associated with bacteremia, meningitis, periodontal disease and pneumonia), and “S milleri” (associated with suppurative infections in children and adults).

      assciated diseases

    1. Symptoms include: tiredness weakness fever weight loss respiratory problems problems with heart function in cases where endocarditis occurs.

      symptoms of viridan

    1. Numerous phages are known to carry determinants that increase virulence to the bacterial host. These factors have been predominantly secreted toxins, such as the streptococcal erythrogenic toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin (10). Other phage-encoded virulence determinants include extracellular enzymes such as staphylokinase and streptococcal hyaluronidase, enzymes that alter the antigenic properties of the host strain, and outer membrane proteins that increases serum resistance (10). It is likely that Pb1A and Pb1B bind platelets directly, although the mechanism by which PblA and PblB mediate platelet binding by S. mitis has not been illustrated. Thus, the encoding of PblA and PblB by lysogenic SM1 may represent a class of phage-mediated virulence determinants (10).

      virulence

    1. inhaling dust or aerosols contaminated with F. tularensis bacteria.

      Mode of Transmission

    2. rabbits, muskrats, prairie dogs and other rodents.

      Reservoir

    3. dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), and the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Deer flies (Chrysops spp.)

      Reservoirs

    4. enter the human body through the skin, eyes, mouth, or lungs

      Portal of Entry