Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy

Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

e impersonal, sometimes characterized as “dismissive and arrogant”

n general and specifically in California,

secondary school

Free Exercise Clause

Establishment Clause

Overrepresentation in special education

secondary

to

As secondary teachers, it’s

secondary

secondary

More information about identifying children with special needs and providing inclusive care can be found in the publication Inclusion Works by the California Department of Education.

early childhood

early childhood

early childhood

program

early childhood

early childhood

Outside the immediate early childhood education program setting, adults with disabilities in a community might contribute to a care provider’s expanding knowledge of issues related specifically to inclusion and to disabilities in general.

still

Even if children with disabilities are not currently enrolled in an early childhood education program, educators

Early childhood educators

Early childhood

provider

early childhood

least restrictive environment

program’s

program

program

program staff members

Child care programs

Programs

s.F

Programs

Programs

Programs

program

homelessness

regularly

(The methods, effectiveness, and impact of these political efforts are discussed in the Politics and Government chapter.)

(I want to link the PEW Center site)

Social stratification

Socioeconomic status

Ethnicity refers to the cultural characteristics related to ancestry and heritage. Ethnicity describes shared culture, such as group practices, values, and beliefs (Griffiths et al. 2015). People who identify with an ethnic group share common cultural characteristics (i.e., nationality, history, language, religion, etc.). Ethnic groups select rituals, customs, ceremonies, and other traditions to help preserve shared heritage (Kottak and Kozaitis 2012). Lifestyle requirements and other identity characteristics, such as geography and region, influence how we adapt our ethnic behaviors to fit the context or setting in which we live. Culture is also key in determining how human bodies grow and develop, such as food preferences and diet, and cultural traditions promote certain activities and abilities, including physical well-being and sport (Kottak and Kozaitis 2012). Someone of Mexican descent living in Central California who is a college professor will project different ethnic behaviors than someone of the same ethnic culture who is a housekeeper in Las Vegas, Nevada. Differences in profession, social class, and region will influence each person’s lifestyle, physical composition, and health. However, both may identify and affiliate themselves as Mexican.

Color-Avoidance Racism

Colorism

Cultural Racism

Historical Racism

Racial Profiling

Systemic Racism

Individual or Interpersonal Racism

Prejudice

BIPOC

BIYOC

refugee

Cultural responsiveness

.]

asset-based approaches

The case study of Ravi emphasizes celebrating strengths and honoring cultural heritage. What strengths-based strategies from the case could be applied to multilingual learners in K–12 classrooms? Where do you see opportunities to improve?

List specific ways that Ms. Martinez demonstrated a strengths-based lens with the family. Identify examples of cultural humility, cultural capital, and/or funds of knowledge (not covered I would remove) in this case study.

the early childhood

, early care providers,

They

our program

Culture and Society – Diversity and Multi-Cultural Education in the 21st Century Some travelers pride themselves on their willingness to try unfamiliar foods, like the late celebrated food writer Anthony Bourdain (1956-2017). Often, however, people express disgust at another culture’s cuisine. They might think that it’s gross to eat raw meat from a donkey or parts of a rodent, while they don’t question their own habit of eating cows or pigs. Such attitudes are examples of ethnocentrism, which means to evaluate and judge another culture based on one’s own cultural norms. Ethnocentrism is believing your group is the correct measuring standard and if other cultures do not measure up to it, they are wrong. As sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, it is a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric. A high level of appreciation for one’s own culture can be healthy. A shared sense of community pride, for example, connects people in a society. But ethnocentrism can lead to disdain or dislike of other cultures and could cause misunderstanding, stereotyping, and conflict. Individuals, government, non-government, private, and religious institutions with the best intentions sometimes travel to a society to “help” its people, because they see them as uneducated, backward, or even inferior. Cultural imperialism is the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture. When people find themselves in a new culture, they may experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this culture shock. In addition to the traveler’s biological clock being ‘off’, a traveler from Chicago might find the nightly silence of rural Montana unsettling, not peaceful. Now, imagine that the ‘difference’ is cultural. An exchange student from China to the U.S. might be annoyed by the constant interruptions in class as other students ask questions—a practice that is considered rude in China. Perhaps the Chicago traveler was initially captivated with Montana’s quiet beauty and the Chinese student was originally excited to see a U.S.- style classroom firsthand. But as they experience unanticipated differences from their own culture, they may experience ethnocentrism as their excitement gives way to discomfort and doubts about how to behave appropriately in the new situation. According to many authors, international students studying in the U.S. report that there are personality traits and behaviors expected of them. Black African students report having to learn to ‘be Black in the U.S.’ and Chinese students report that they are naturally expected to be good at math. In African countries, people are identified by country or kin, not color. Eventually, as people learn more about a culture, they adapt to the new culture for a variety of reasons. Cultural relativism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. Practicing cultural relativism requires an open mind and a willingness to consider, and even adapt to, new values, norms, and practices. Perhaps the greatest challenge for sociologists studying different cultures is the matter of keeping a perspective. It is impossible for anyone to overcome all cultural biases. The best we can do is strive to be aware of them. Pride in one’s own culture doesn’t have to lead to imposing its values or ideas on others. And an appreciation for another culture shouldn’t preclude individuals from studying it with a critical eye. This practice is perhaps the most difficult for all social scientists.

Xenocentrism

cultural relativism

ethnocentrism

Beliefs

Values

enculturation

most

Culture