Still, the major environmental statutes, such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, were written with no attention to the unequal vulnerability of poor and minority groups

The environmental movement, the report observed, “has historically been white middle and upper-class.” Three years later, activists sent a letter to the heads of major environmental organizations, claiming that non-whites were less than two per cent of the combined seven hundred and forty-five

The time they lived in is part of an explanation, but not an excuse.

For Grant, Roosevelt, and other architects of the country’s parks and game refuges, wild nature was worth saving for its aristocratic qualities; where these were lacking, they were indifferent.

hese tools also provide rapidcycling (e.g. action learning cycling) and a fastturn over of cause and effect.

Questions such as ‘Who is involved?’,‘How are people interacting?’ and ‘What are theunderlying assumptions of the approach?’ gener-ated valuable discussion.

. The tool also provided stake-holders with a mechanism to identify where theirknowledge fits into an overall understanding ofthe management system and to appreciate howother stakeholders understand the links betweenmanagement actions and outcomes (providing amechanism for externalizing and internalizingknowledge).

In cases where thesedata and models are not available, the experi-ential knowledge of land managers and otherstakeholders can be used to fill-in the data gaps.

omplexity of interactions within the ‘hard’system (the biophysical components that canbe modelled, particularly by simulation) andwithin the ‘soft’ system (the interactions betweenthe biophysical components, technology and thefarm family or village community).

Developing