we should be mo flex-ible, mo acceptin of language diversity, language expansion, and creative languageusage from ourselves and from others both in formal and informal settings.
Stop restricting readers and writers from code-switching and allow for diversity.
Instead of prescribing how folks should write or speak, I say we teach languagedescriptively. This mean we should, for instance, teach how language functionswithin and from various cultural perspectives.
Advocating for the approach to teaching language and analyzes code-switching in different cultures instead of teaching standard English and making it seem like there's a correct or wrong way.
a form of loud-talking—a black English device wherea speaker indirectly insults an authority figure.
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The authority figure is meant tooverhear the conversation (thus loud-talking) so that the insult can be defendedas unintentional.
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Code meshing be everywhere. It be used by all types of people. It allow writ-ers and speakers to bridge multiple codes and modes of expression that Fish saydisparate and unmixable.
Code-meshing is used by "bridging multiple codes" where different dialects can come together.
This mode of communication be just as frequently used by politicians and profes-sors as it be by journalists and advertisers.
Shows how code-switching is used by anyone across different groups.
Code meshing blend dialects, international languages, local idioms, chat-roomlingo, and the rhetorical styles of various ethnic and cultural groups in both formaland informal speech acts.
Shows how broad code-meshing is and covers different languages, dialects, and ways of communication. Shows that it's used across different contexts.
codeswitching from a linguistic perspective: two languages and dialects co-existing inone speech act (Auer).But since so many teachers be jackin up code switching with they “speak this way atschool and a different way at home,” we need a new term. I call it CODE MESHING!
Defines code-switching, also introduces code meshing as his preference when discussing the different dialects that come together in different ways academically, such as writing.
I wrote only in English for many years, but English doesn’t center me the way the Navajo language centers me.
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My grandmother, who was one of the first Diné teachers on the Navajo Nation, said to me, “ayóo hwiní yu”—speaking more than one language is a powerful ability.
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For the first few days the teacher gave us pictures to color, which was fun until a dark undercurrent struck.
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When I write in Diné bizaad the sounds come from the center of what it means to be Diné.
Explains why people code-switch, it's apart of their identity and English is helpful but Dine is the center of her.
I’m interested in the intersection between Navajo and English languages. As a bilingual Native writer, I still write primarily in English, although Navajo words and expressions have greater meaning and depth in poetry which I can use.
While writing poetry she primarily writes in English but uses Dine to express and go more into depth about the meaning of what she's writing. She uses code-switching to add more meaning to her poems.
My poem found its own form. Instead of writing lines layered on top of one another, my words floated freely on the page, breaking Western constructs of poetic form
Writing in Dine allowed her to create a different form of poetry and highlighted her language switching between English and Dine.
In school it was English-only, but tribal languages were everywhere outside the classroom. I was surrounded by Diné bizaad, English, Zuni, and Spanish languages. Navajo and Zuni DJs code-switched on the AM radio station that brought us “Navajo Hour” and “Zuni Hour.”
Code-switching occurred on the radio and created community as there was a Native audience and representation. It was a way to accept herself and culture as she wasn't in her oppressive school environment.
English became my shield and my passport inside and outside of school
English was used as a tool for protection and survival in an environment where there was obvious racism. She code switches in order to be manage social perception.
Silence took over and covered them like a blanket; better to remain silent than speak our mother language and risk getting punished.
Switching from her native language to silence in order to avoid physically being punished. The power dynamic is apparent when it comes to the different linguistics.
I was five years old and was bearing witness to the punishment inflicted on my monolingual classmates when their tongues struggled to pronounce English words.
Represents her inability to pronounce certain words in English and how she was required to code-switch in order to avoid feeling discriminated against.
Slowly our language was to be erased—in the classroom, on the playground, in the places where we ate and slept. The “Indian” in us was to be killed (figuratively and sometimes literally) in the government and parochial schools.
Being Native American, I completely understand relate to where she's coming from.
My parents dressed me with two languages—Navajo and English—and sent me to school with new clothes and an American name.
She speaks English & Navajo making her bilingual and hinting at the fact that she felt different having to be more American around peers.