our predictions good enough?

divided personality

protagonist of this tale: the molecule to be sure, and the chemists who made it.

narrative tension—organic chemists had tried before to make taxol and failed to do so

In discovery-mode

Does the standard scientific article tell the narrator scientist’s story, or is it nature’s?

purview because of the requirement that stories have a human or anthropomorphic protagonist

narrative is not reducible to mathematics, it is not given its due in our scientific world.

looks like an odd clump of pasta, and the mechanism has at least 17 steps?

There is no reason why the simple shapes of stories can’t be fed into computers. They are beautiful shapes.”

People love that story. They never get sick of it.”

they found overlap in how plot points reflected emotional highs and lows as measured by the sentiment analysis.

“Rather: the math and machine learning have identified them.”

The tales were identical.”

The X-axis represents the chronology of the story, from beginning to end, while the Y-axis represents the experience of the protagonist, on a spectrum of ill fortune to good fortune.

They get glassy-eyed, zone out, and then struggle to find quotes they only vaguely remember when it comes time to write the paper.

notes by hand because writing is slower than typing (an argument often spun in favour of laptops), which helps students learn and retain the material.

I have no delusions that they’re taking notes for class or referencing that day’s reading

When I end class, they whip out their phones with a collective sigh of relief, as though they’ve all just been allowed to go to the bathroom after having to hold it all day.

agree that there’s a problem if they can’t go 50 minutes without checking their phones, few of them can resist, despite knowing that this is my biggest pet peeve. A University of Nebraska-Lincoln study indicates that 80 per cent of college students send text messages during class. Nearly 100 per cent of them text before and after class. In the minutes before class –

But it doesn’t stay that way

“We can’t turn back,” Wolf said. “We should be simultaneously reading to children from books, giving them print, helping them learn this slower mode, and at the same time steadily increasing their immersion into the technological, digital age. It’s both. We have to ask the question: What do we want to preserve?”

(function(){TWP=window.TWP||{};TWP.Features=TWP.Features||{};TWP.Features.Ad=TWP.Features.Ad||{};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard={};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.viewability=false;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.sticky=true;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.belowSharebar=false})(); Local Serious reading takes a hit from online scanning and skimming, researchers say Add to list On my list Claire Handscombe is an avid reader and reads using a variety of digital and print products. Because of her online reading habits, Handscombe says she sometimes scans novels while she's reading, looking for keywords and missing what's being written. (Bonnie Jo Mount/The Washington Post) By Michael S. Rosenwald Michael S. Rosenwald Enterprise reporter focusing on history, the social sciences, and culture. Email Bio Follow April 6, 2014 Claire Handscombe has a commitment problem online. Like a lot of Web surfers, she clicks on links posted on social networks, reads a few sentences, looks for exciting words, and then grows restless, scampering off to the next page she probably won’t commit to. “I give it a few seconds — not even minutes — and then I’m moving again,” says Handscombe, a 35-year-old graduate student in creative writing at American University. But it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel. “It’s like your eyes are passing over the words but you’re not taking in what they say,” she confessed. “When I realize what’s happening, I have to go back and read again and again.” To cognitive neuroscientists, Handscombe’s experience is the subject of great fascination and growing alarm. Humans, they warn, seem to be developing digital brains with new circuits for skimming through the torrent of information online. This alternative way of reading is competing with traditional deep reading circuitry developed over several millennia. window.pbDeferredSSISingle=window.pbDeferredSSISingle||new Array; 1 of 10 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × Subtitle Settings Font Default Mono Sans Mono Serif Sans Serif Comic Fancy Small Caps Font Size Default X-Small Small Medium Large X-Large XX-Large Font Edge Default Outline Dark Outline Light Outline Dark Bold Outline Light Bold Shadow Dark Shadow Light Shadow Dark Bold Shadow Light Bold Font Color Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Background Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Preroll blank Skip EmbedCopyShare Lynda Barry: The 20 stages of reading View Photos If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Caption If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write)   Linda Barry/On Beyond Literature Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue. .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} (function(){var __e=window.__e||[],ssiSingleFooter={initComplete:false,init:function(){pbDeferredSSISingle.push("https://d2p9l91d5g68ru.cloudfront.net/PrerollPlugin/PrerollPlugin.min.js");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/hi-pri-render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/instance.js?_\x3d69d5d"); wp_import(pbDeferredSSISingle).always(function(){initComplete=true})}};if(typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods=="undefined"||typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated=="undefined"||wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated())if(!ssiSingleFooter.initComplete&&(document.readyState=="interactive"||document.readyState=="complete"))ssiSingleFooter.init();else document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()});__e.push(["shamble",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()}])})(); “I worry that the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing,” said Maryanne Wolf, a Tufts University cognitive neuroscientist and the author of “Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.”AdChoicesADVERTISING If the rise of nonstop cable TV news gave the world a culture of sound bites, the Internet, Wolf said, is bringing about an eye byte culture. Time spent online — on desktop and mobile devices — was expected to top five hours per day in 2013 for U.S. adults, according to eMarketer, which tracks digital behavior. That’s up from three hours in 2010. Word lovers and scientists have called for a “slow reading” movement, taking a branding cue from the “slow food” movement. They are battling not just cursory sentence galloping but the constant social network and e-mail temptations that lurk on our gadgets — the bings and dings that interrupt “Call me Ishmael.” Researchers are working to get a clearer sense of the differences between online and print reading — comprehension, for starters, seems better with paper — and are grappling with what these differences could mean not only for enjoying the latest Pat Conroy novel but for understanding difficult material at work and school. There is concern that young children’s affinity and often mastery of their parents’ devices could stunt the development of deep reading skills. The brain is the innocent bystander in this new world. It just reflects how we live. “The brain is plastic its whole life span,” Wolf said. “The brain is constantly adapting.” Wolf, one of the world’s foremost experts on the study of reading, was startled last year to discover her brain was apparently adapting, too. After a day of scrolling through the Web and hundreds of e-mails, she sat down one evening to read Hermann Hesse’s “The Glass Bead Game.” “I’m not kidding: I couldn’t do it,” she said. “It was torture getting through the first page. I couldn’t force myself to slow down so that I wasn’t skimming, picking out key words, organizing my eye movements to generate the most information at the highest speed. I was so disgusted with myself.” Adapting to read The brain was not designed for reading. There are no genes for reading like there are for language or vision. But spurred by the emergence of Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Phoenician alphabet, Chinese paper and, finally, the Gutenberg press, the brain has adapted to read. Before the Internet, the brain read mostly in linear ways — one page led to the next page, and so on. Sure, there might be pictures mixed in with the text, but there didn’t tend to be many distractions. Reading in print even gave us a remarkable ability to remember where key information was in a book simply by the layout, researchers said. We’d know a protagonist died on the page with the two long paragraphs after the page with all that dialogue. The Internet is different. With so much information, hyperlinked text, videos alongside words and interactivity everywhere, our brains form shortcuts to deal with it all — scanning, searching for key words, scrolling up and down quickly. This is nonlinear reading, and it has been documented in academic studies. Some researchers believe that for many people, this style of reading is beginning to invade when dealing with other mediums as well. “We’re spending so much time touching, pushing, linking, scroll­ing and jumping through text that when we sit down with a novel, your daily habits of jumping, clicking, linking is just ingrained in you,” said Andrew Dillon, a University of Texas professor who studies reading. “We’re in this new era of information behavior, and we’re beginning to see the consequences of that.” Brandon Ambrose, a 31-year-old Navy financial analyst who lives in Alexandria, knows of those consequences. His book club recently read “The Interestings,” a best-seller by Meg Wolitzer. When the club met, he realized he had missed a number of the book’s key plot points. It hit him that he had been scanning for information about one particular aspect of the book, just as he might scan for one particular fact on his computer screen, where he spends much of his day. “When you try to read a novel,” he said, “it’s almost like we’re not built to read them anymore, as bad as that sounds.” Ramesh Kurup noticed something even more troubling. Working his way recently through a number of classic authors — George Eliot, Marcel Proust, that crowd — Kurup, 47, discovered that he was having trouble reading long sentences with multiple, winding clauses full of background information. Online sentences tend to be shorter, and the ones containing complicated information tend to link to helpful background material. “In a book, there are no graphics or links to keep you on track,” Kurup said. It’s easier to follow links, he thinks, than to keep track of so many clauses in page after page of long paragraphs.

When the club met, he realized he had missed a number of the book’s key plot points. It hit him that he had been scanning for information about one particular aspect of the book, just as he might scan for one particular fact on his computer screen, where he spends much of his day.

Reading in print even gave us a remarkable ability to remember where key information was in a book simply by the layout,

“The brain is plastic its whole life span,” Wolf said. “The brain is constantly adapting.”

“slow reading” movement, taking a branding cue from the “slow food” movement.

“I worry that the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing,

developing digital brains with new circuits for skimming through the torrent of information online. This alternative way of reading is competing with traditional deep reading circuitry developed over several millennia. window.pbDeferredSSISingle=window.pbDeferredSSISingle||new Array; 1 of 10 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × Subtitle Settings Font Default Mono Sans Mono Serif Sans Serif Comic Fancy Small Caps Font Size Default X-Small Small Medium Large X-Large XX-Large Font Edge Default Outline Dark Outline Light Outline Dark Bold Outline Light Bold Shadow Dark Shadow Light Shadow Dark Bold Shadow Light Bold Font Color Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Background Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Preroll blank Skip Embed