but the inability of land-based empires to accom-modate the heterogeneity posed by maritime transport and the accompanyingsocio-economic system may be a structural reason
I would like to know about the fallout of this.
31 Matching Annotations
- Sep 2022
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Local file Local file2 - Lei 201831
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4 Starting from the Ming Dynasty, the monopolizationof maritime trade by the tributary system on the one hand and the ban on privatemaritime activities on the other complemented each other. Starting from 1371 AD,Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, imposed a strictban on civilian martime trade in order to prevent the rise of regionalism and tocurb smuggling activities.145 This policy was intermittently maintained during theMing Dynasty, while the government tried to monopolize maritime trade profitthrough the tributary system,14
Supports above onservation.
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one approach to dealwith the problems created by maritime trade is to monopolize it by the “tributarysystem 朝貢貿易.
This is MOST important with respect to tracing the origins of contemporary Chinese behavior by way of its historical experiential memory. Ancient Chinese empires wanted to dominate sea lines / oceanic routes to enforce order and perpetuate their supremacy / centrality and to curb regionalism. This behavior is evident in China's tightly-knit control of its constituent provinces, and also how it seeks to create its own zone of influence in the Indo Pacific and the Indian Ocean to secure its lines of trade and communications. It wants to create a tributary system of sorts, and we can see how Pakistan and Sri Lanka fit into that frame in this context. China wants the small states in the South China sea to acknowledge its centrality and first rights on the maritime routes. I think this paragraph in the reading can be seen as the origin of these behaviors.
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e Wei State was the first in North Chinacommitted to developing a naval forces and related transportation projects.Perhaps the ship culture in the Zhongshan State was also introduced throughthe Wei State during the age of occupation. From this cultural context, the shipburials at the royal mausoleum may also be interpreted as an act of culturalmanifestation, testifying to the efforts to sinicize the royal culture of the Zhong-shan Stat
I would like to know more of this, because the context is not very clear but nonetheless seems interesting.
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9 As the Zhou Road system disintegrated with the collapse of the WesternZhou political system, water transportation rose to dominate long-distance trans-portation during the Warring States. And Tao, as the pivot of the water transporta-tion network, replaced Luoyi to become the new “center of all under Heaven.”
Interesting point, because "All Under Heaven" or Tianxia is the core Chinese civilizational precept, and Luoyi, as per the reading was its center point. That it could be changed to Tao, driven by changes in socio-political standing ushered in by the opening up of water transport, is very illuminating in terms of understanding the influences that shape changing socio-political-economic realities.
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lt, the logistics and transportation of mass infantrybecame an issue. Perhaps this explains the development of water transport as amore convenient way for military transport in North China
Feeds into the Charles Tilly observation made earlier.
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A stimulus and response model seems toexplain the development of organized water transport in North China.
Conclusion.
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the composition of such a literary
It is illuminating to note how the humanities are interrelated. This point shows how one can connect literature, warfare studies and infrastructure together to draw historical causal linkages.
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This indirectly links the land and naval battle motifs withthe decorative traditions practiced in Hou Ma during a similar period of ti
A very complex interpretation connecting various historical accounts. I wonder how could I do this in my own research while I am still an undergraduate student.
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Since textual traditionsrecord that the people living in the Wu and Yue regions were characterized by ashort hair style, Guo Baojun surmised that the images depict battles between theWu or Yue people and those in the Central Plain.
I am in awe of this interpretation. It instructively ties in disparate historical anecdotes with representational art material to make sense of the historical context of the same.
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of representational art
This is also an important source we should start looking at while building our China Studies repository.
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ly, detoured along the coastline and went through the mouthof the Huai River to block Fuchai’s way back to the south. Gojian led the Centraltroops 中軍 through the Wusong River 吳松江, a tributary of the Yangtze River,and sacked the capital of the Wu State.
Waterways enabled decisive military tactics, which could change the game more authoratively than land military tactics.
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. In contrast, watercourses enabled the Wu to avoid all these regional powers and to come directly to Huang Chi
Smart
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6 Under this system, the statesin the south, in particular the States of Wu and Yue, were considered the mostperipheral. In order to counter this geographical disadvantage, they developeda new communication network based on water ways to challenge the north bothpolitically and militarily, and the results were game changing.97
It was again, under balance of power and power politics, that waterways came to be emerged. This reading gives one an engaging and interesting historiographical lens to look at issues which we consider mundane, such as the origins of waterways. Who would have thought that this could have been the/a most deterministic reason for waterways!
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his gave themgreat freedom in maneuvering the troops for military advantages.
Waterways thus were a major factor for military advantages in the geopolitics of the Warring States Period.
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Topographical advantages provided by the Yangtze were shared by both the Wu and theChu. But as the Chu was situated in the upper stream...a pattern appears that, among thehundreds of battles between the Wu and the Chu, the Chu almost always prevailed in navalbattles, and the Wu often won land battles.
This point is interesting as a common experience in naval warfare.
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Self Strengthening Movement
"Self-Strengthening Movement, movement (1861–95) in which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) of China introduced Western methods and technology in an attempt to renovate Chinese military, diplomatic, fiscal, and educational policy." Source: Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Self-Strengthening-Movement
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ips for military purposes, first for transportation and then as a warmachine.72 Later, with the northward expansion of the State of Wu, they builtcanals to connect the previously isolated water systems for transporting troopsinto the far north.73 As a consequence, the coverage of watercourses in NorthChina increased
Again, it is clear that inland waterways came up to cater to military conveniences.
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Warring States period
It is important to conceptualize this period since it is being invoked so often in the reading: "The Warring States period (481/403 BCE - 221 BCE) describes the three centuries when various rival Chinese states battled viciously for territorial advantage and dominance. Ultimately the Qin state was victorious and established the first unified Chinese state. Besides incessant warfare, and probably because of it, the period saw significant developments in society, commerce, agriculture, philosophy, and the arts, setting the foundations for the subsequent flourishing of Imperial China." Source: World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org/Warring_States_Period/
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he WeiRiver, one of the major tributaries of the Yellow River, flows through the capitalarea of the Western Zhou Dynasty. But the Wei River is notorious for water trans-port in Chinese history.65 It is obvious that a systematized use of boats could nothave been developed by the Western Zhou Dynasty for transport via the Wei Riv
Same as above
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For a dynasty witha territory extending far beyond one water basin, it was obvious that water trans-port was not the answer to linking different parts of the dynastic territories.6
This is a good example of the political geography of infrastructure-building.
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Therefore, the major weakness in water transport during the WesternZhou period was insufficient geographical coverage of water bodies.
The Western Zhou period people were mostly familiar with land transport. It is interesting to consider how waterborne transport was not a priority for civil matters such as trade and transportation. It was only for considerations of war and defence that waterways became prominent. This reminds me of Charles Tilly's work on the origin of the state. It was the state/empire that created and endowed resources to make for its self-preservation.
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Therefore, whatwe see can be taken as evidence of cultural communications
This is an interesting interpretation. Further, it is important to discount some information if, on complete inquiry, it does not support the evidence. The author does so here instead of using it to provide his point, which might have gone unnoticed.
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The cowries most commonly seen in the metropolitan areas of theShang and Zhou Dynasties are Cypraea Moneta and Cypraea Annulus.55 The orig-inal habitats of them are the intertidal zones or lagoons in tropical or subtropicalzones, where they can be easily collected on the shore. In view of this, the pres-ence of these cowries cannot serve as evidence of deep ocean expeditions
I could not understand this part.
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boatman waving toward his customer
This extract is interpreted amazingly to support the hypothesis.
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The sources that we use include Shangoracle bone inscriptions, Western Zhou bronzes, transmitted classics, archaeo-logically discovered materials, and visual representations of water transport inhistorical sources.
While this is a little mouthful for me, I now know what to look up for while evidencing my arguments from a history side.
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The reason is mainly because of the lack of reli-able sources. My hope is to base this research on sources that have a reliable dateand provenance.
It is important to consider the right sources. The sources in this reading, while not completely satisfactory to prove the point of the argument, are nonetheless credible, which is what should matter in historiographical research.
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Archaeologically discovered shipwrecksare scarce
I wonder which this is so.
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Doubting Antiquity School
This School "refers to a group of scholars and writers in Chinese academia, starting during the New Culture Movement (mid-1910s to 1920s), who applied a critical historiographical approach to Chinese historical sources. They put forward theories doubting the authenticity of texts and narratives that, in traditional Chinese historiography, were often accepted as authentic." Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School#Criticism
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the use of pictographic depictions as the sources ofhistory should also be treated with caution because of the necessary abstractionin graphic representation and the conservatism in their evolution.
This is useful to note for emerging China Studies scholars.
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e basic assumption of this paper is that organized forms of inlandwater transport in early China paved the way for the development of maritimeactivities in Chinese history.
Provision of such assumptions in the beginning of the paper itself makes consumption of the paper much easier for the reader.
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