Such criticisms are nothing new, and we should not forget that Malina’s workwas primarily aimed at a public of young undergraduates enrolled in Americanuniversities other than those belonging to the “Ivy League”, who had to bea&racted at all costs despite their chronic de"cit of basic historical and culturalknowledge.

A proli"c author, in his doctoral thesis, !e Date of Mark’s Gospel: Insight %omthe Law in Earliest Christianity (London – New York, .//0), he defended, like histeacher Maurice Casey, an exceptionally high dating (between 12 and 02 64) ofthe Gospel according to Mark.

Elle repose sur une critique de la preuve aristotélicienne de l’infinité du premier moteur, à partir de la prémisse selon laquelle le premier moteur meut le monde éternellement. D’après Scot, le fait qu’une cause soit de puissance infinie n’est pas déductible du fait qu’elle produise une succession d’effets finis dans un temps infini. Une condition nécessaire est que le premier moteur doive posséder simultanément la totalité du pouvoir requis pour produire tous les effets qui peuvent être produits en un temps infini.

Troisièmement, toutes les causes essentiellement ordonnées doivent être présentes simultanément pour produire un effet car, dans le cas contraire, une nature causale, nécessaire pour la production de l’effet, serait manquante.

upposons qu’un intellect est certain d’un concept, mais doute d’autres. Nécessairement le concept dont il est certain est distinct des concepts dont il doute. Or l’homme est certain que Dieu existe, alors qu’il peut douter s’il est infini. Donc le concept d’étant est distinct du concept d’étant infini, et il est univoque à Dieu et à la créature. La première prémisse, qui porte sur la distinction entre les concepts dont on est certain et ceux dont on doute, est posée comme évidente.

t cet Évangile du Royaume sera proclamé dans le monde entier ; il y aura là un témoignage pour toutes les nations. Alors viendra la fin.

e contraste entre les deux approches peut être formulé autrement : dans l’approche nécessitarianiste, la nécessité rend vraie des énoncés de lois et permet de résoudre facilement des questions contrefactuelles ; tandis que, dans l’approche du « meilleur système », la question reste ouverte quant à savoir ce qui rend vrai des énoncés de lois non-instanciées, mais aussi comment analyser des énoncés contrefactuelles (voir Lewis 1973 pour une telle analyse contrefactuelle et comparaison des mondes possibles).

As Edward Adams notes, ἐγγύς ἐστίν refers either to ‘the coming of the Son of man,that is, the parousia, or the Son of man in his coming’. As such, it is clearly illogical21for the πάντα ταῦτα of v. 29 to include ‘the coming’ as a sign that ‘the coming’ is tocome.

L'humanité vivaitencore sous le signe de la patience de Dieu. Cette préoccupationexistentielle dominait la pensée du collège de prêtres auteur deGenèse 1, cette admirable confession de foi où chaque terme estpesé avec un souci théologique évident

.2. Plus le corps des prêtres est proche de détenir, dansociété divisée en classes, le monopole de fait de l'administrabiens de salut, plus sont divergents, voire contradictoirintérêts religieux auxquels doit répondre son action de pret de cure des âmes et plus cette action et les agents chargés dcer tendent à se diversifier (de l'abbé de cour au curé de camdu fidéisme mystique au ritualisme magique) en même tes'élabore un message socialement indifférencié qui doit seristiques, et en particulier son ambiguïté, au fait qu'il est lede la recherche du plus grand dénominateur religieux entrerentes catégories de r

ThesignsproclaimingChrist'sfinalvictoryoverthistyrantwillbethreeclassicallyapocalypticevents:"astretching-out[ofacross?]intheheavens,"28atrumpet-blast,andfinallytheresurrectionofthesaints,whowilljointheLordinhistriumphalprocessionacrossthesky.2

ou also may cry for them; perhaps the LordGod will hear your voice and have mercy on them

Un modèle standard inversé

Ce n’est d’ailleurs pas sans raison que R. Bauckham estime que dans lathéologie de l’Apocalypse de Jean, le millenium doit être compris en lienétroit avec la Parousie du Christ, soulignant que cela apparaît de manièreévidente dans «le sort réservé au diable qui partage finalement le mêmesort que la bête et le faux prophète, mais seulement après un délai de milleans» (Ap 19, 20; 20, 1-3.7-10)43

r qui accueille normalement leshommes à l’issue de leur vie terrestre, c’est au contraire une puissancemauvaise au service du monde des ténèbres

n Ap 20, 10, Satan est définitivement éliminé alors qu’en Ap 12, 9 il aété précipité du ciel et qu’en Ap 20, 2 il a été attaché: autrement dit, il est àjamais écarté, chassé, du monde. Satan sort du temps, il passe dans lamarge du monde: le plan divin ne lui laisse aucune place et ne lui réserveque le feu et la souffrance éternelle

In the sense that the abyss served as a prison for evil creatures in Revelation, itwas a blessing because it was used by God to restrain evil.

As was mentioned earlier in this chapter, the most common interpretation forthe absence of the sea is that it represents evil and its removal symbolizes thatnothing evil will exist in the new creation.

creator god destroyed or subjugated the sea or sea monster as part of the workof creation, 13 so in this passage the sea no longer exists after the new creationhas been accomplished. This point is stated here because the destruction orsubjection of the sea/sea monster at the first creation appears to be a result of itbeing chaotic and in opposition to God. That fits well with what this first sectionaffirms as being the reason why the sea does not exist in the new creation.

incarcerated, the saints are vindicated, and then the dragon is released again. Thedragon must be released for a short time (20:3) because the activity of the dragonduring this period is necessary for God’s complete victory to be accomplished,and for the story of the dragon to harmonize with John’s sources.

mais je préfère t’adresser une demande au nom de la charité : moi, Paul, tel que je suis, un vieil homme et, qui plus est, prisonnier maintenant à cause du Christ Jésus,

of ancient canon lists and the book’stextual transmission (Markschies 2012, 115–46). While the (Western) MuratorianFragment, (perhaps not yet a real canon list) regards both Revelation and (with somereservations) the Apocalypse of Peter as accepted texts (ll. 71–73), canon 60 of theregional synod of Laodicea (perhaps in the 360s ce) does not mention Revelation ascanonical.

Oui, le NT reprend la structure conceptuelle des Rephaïm (un collectif de puissants défunts qui a une influence sur le monde des vivants), mais il renverse radicalement le signe :

Compare how nT texts bend over backwards to insist that Jesus’ resur-rection was both an individual and a collective phenomenon (Matt 27:51–53; 1 Cor15:20; Col 1:18)

group interests coincided. To think about group identity and hope was necessar-ily to think about the fate after death of these individuals.

The Persians did not imagine the rising of buried corpses, but a recreation of bod-ies from the bare elements of nature. Three centuries before a Jewish apocalypsedescribes a resurrection, herodotus attests to the Zoroastrian practice of exposingdead corpses to be picked clean by vultures and dogs (Hist. 1.140).

the hope of bodily resurrection in theearly Jewish apocalypses is discontinuous with preceding biblical tradition. itis not found in so-called apocalyptic prophecy. Contact with Zoroastrianismis sometimes posited as the impetus behind resurrection faith (e.g., see lang2008). This particular hypothesis, however, is unnecessary (see hays 2011: 331;levenson 2006)

TheZechariah authors had the image in their own Zadokite traditions of the Torah (seenum 31:23, a text of the Zadokite holiness school strand). Using this motif in no waybetrayed their heritage

ezekiel even describes a “likeness” or “semblance” of God (ezek 1:26; cf. ezek 8:2lxx ), an affront that would horrify other biblical authors (see isa 40:18, 25; 46:5). inhis visionary travels to Jerusalem (chs. 8–11), ezekiel sees the un-see-able. at 8:3 hepeers across time to observe an asherah that king Manasseh set up (2 kgs 21:7) butthat was removed by his own time (2 kgs 23:6). his visionary gaze penetrates thedepths of the underworld (ezek 32:17–32). he finds assyria relegated to the deep-est, uttermost recesses of the Pit (32:22–23; cf. isa 14:15). long before the hellenisticapocalypses, ezekiel knew that the wicked have a distinctive fate set aside for themafter death

The work of Jesuit theologian karl rahner (1904–1984) is particularly illuminatingof the above remarks. rahner is keenly concerned with transcendence, powerfullyaware of “the infinite counterpart of this earthly emptiness,” of “the frail and nar-row frame of . . . present existence” (rahner 1999: 48, 57). he explains that the truthsof transcendent reality have a backdoor entrée into perception via the archetypesknown to comparative religion and psychoanalytic study. in his philosophy, arche-types are a prethematic, “natural” witness to the transcendent plane. if this is true, nowonder apocalyptic literature avails itself of them as windows or openings out intothe absolute.

it remains true that belief in an imminent eschaton has not always led to theabolition of earthly distinctions. even communities that share possessions areoften highly authoritarian and hierarchical, as can be seen already in the dead seascrolls. but here again apocalyptic traditions are open to more than one kind ofinterpretation

master;

“The apocalypse,” writes TinaPippin, à propos of Mark 13, “is to occur by mass murder and destruction; what-ever it takes . . . why did i ever think that this apocalypse was ethically acceptable?”

Where the ancient apocalypses often arose out of crisis and persecution, their mod-ern counterparts often seem smugly self-congratulatory on the part of a presumedelect. They lack the sense of anomie and existential angst that characterizes the clas-sic apocalyptic texts (Wilder 1971: 440).

nonetheless there have been severalhigh-profile calculations in recent years, notably harold Camping’s prediction thatthe world would end on May 21, 2011 (Camping 2005) and the much-publicized endof the Mayan calendar on december 21, 2012

other intersecting ideological axis was constituted by a mythological complex thatreceived its classic literary formulation in some of the so-called apocalyptic books”(2001: 74–75). schwartz refers to his complex as “the apocalyptic myth.”

There is no doubt thatthere is continuity between biblical prophecy and apocalypticism, but there are dif-ferences too. The differences pertain especially to the degree to which the vision-ary has access to the supernatural world. isaiah or Jeremiah may have stood in thecouncil of the lord, but there are no descriptions of ascents of prophets throughthe heavens such as we find in the case of enoch.

but there is also what bernard McGinn hascalled an imperial apocalypticism, in which the coming judgment reinforces theauthority of imperial power (1979: 33–36). This appears especially in the Middle ages,but the journey of aeneas to the netherworld in the sixth book of the Aeneid, withits promise of glory for rome, may perhaps qualify as an early example.

because the Gestalt structure contains default and optionalcomponents, as well as necessary ones, individual exemplars can depart from theprototypical exemplars with respect to default and optional elements and still be rec-ognizable as an extended case of ‘that sort of text’ ”

the limitations of history.entailed in the use of mythic patterns is the sense that the course of history is notcontrolled by human actions but b

as fait grandir

Ma is si, d'autre part, il port.it 1.Hom de • Verl>e de Dieu, ,ans être arrelé simplement• Verbe >, peut-être imaginerions-no". pl u, iours verbe,d' apm leurs relation; uyee chaeun dOl; H= raiwnnablesct nous l iv rerions-nous io de fau ..... interprétations en.dOlett.nt ,an' r.ison que pl", iours l' nrtent ce titre """""' propre.

00 le prou,·e .. ,II •• UtIn. le principe Hai t leverne .. en eo",id ... nl le Ve.w eomme le Fils, dont il estdi t que. pan:e qu'il ... t datu le N ... il est da n. le principe