40 Matching Annotations
  1. Apr 2019
    1. In reality, the learner received no shocks. But he did make a lot of mistakes on the test, whichforced the teacher to administer what he believed to be increasingly strong shocks. Thepurpose of the study was to see how far the teacher would go before refusing to continue.The teacher’s first hint that something was amiss came after pressing the 75-volt lever andhearing through the wall the learner say “Ugh!” The learner’s reactions became stronger andlouder with each lever press. At 150 volts, the learner yelled out, “Experimenter! That’s all. Getme out of here. I told you I had heart trouble. My heart’s starting to bother me now. Get meout of here, please. My heart’s starting to bother me. I refuse to go on. Let me out.”

      I also learned about this experiment in sociology. Many of us immediately expressed that we would not have been able to continue on for so long but the results makes me second guess how people would really react if they were in that situation.

    2. Consider a classic study conducted many years ago bySolomon Asch (1956). The participants were male college students who were asked to engagein a seemingly simple task. An experimenter standing several feet away held up a card thatdepicted one line on the left side and three lines on the right side. The participant’s job wasto say aloud which of the three lines on the right was the same length as the line on the left.Sixteen cards were presented one at a time, and the correct answer on each was so obviousas to make the task a little boring. Except for one thing. The participant was not alone. In fact,there were six other people in the room who also gave their answers to the line-judgmenttask aloud. Moreover, although they pretended to be fellow participants, these otherindividuals were, in fact, confederates working with the experimenter. The real participantwas seated so that he always gave his answer after hearing what five other “participants” said.Everything went smoothly until the third trial, when inexplicably the first “participant” gavean obviously incorrect answer. The mistake might have been amusing, except the secondparticipant gave the same answer. As did the third, the fourth, and the fifth participant.Suddenly the real participant was in a difficult situation. His eyes told him one thing, but fiveout of five people apparently saw something else

      I remember learning about this study in sociology. It was interesting to see how despite what the real participant knew was true, he went with what everyone else said.

    3. Although we usually are not aware of it, we often mimic the gestures,body posture, language, talking speed, and many other behaviors of the people we interactwith.

      I can understand this because babies usually use this to learn how appropriate social interactions. They pick up on subtle cues from the people around them to figure out to function on their own.

    1. Given the central role that emotions play in our interaction, understanding culturalsimilarities and differences is especially critical to preventing potentially harmfulmiscommunications. Although misunderstandings are unintentional, they can result innegative consequences—as we’ve seen historically for ethnic minorities in many cultures.

      I agree that this is important because this can be beneficial for people from both cultures. Both cultures can feel more satisfied about how they interacted with others by being able to understand the meaning the certain responses from certain cultures.

    2. hink about how you would feel after getting the top score on a test that’s graded on a curve.In North American contexts, such success is considered an individual achievement and worthcelebrating. But what about the other students who will now receive a lower grade becauseyou “raised the curve” with your good grade? In East Asian contexts, not only would studentsbe more thoughtful of the overall group’s success, but they would also be more comfortableacknowledging both the positive (their own success on the test) and the negative

      i can understand this difference because in our culture we're commonly taught to not worry about what others think but in other culture it may be important to consider the thoughts and feeling of others.

    3. he idea that emotional suppressionand repression impair psychological functioning

      this reminds me of how people tend to say that if you keep too much bottled up it can be unhealthy. by not letting out some emotions sometimes it can cause people to eventually "spill over" in irrational ways.

    4. At thelevel of physiological arousal (e.g., heartrate), there were no differences in how theparticipants responded. However, theirfacial expressive behavior told a differentstory

      I think this supports the idea that many cultures are similar in emotions fundamentally. What people express on the outside can be a learned behavior but people are less likely to be able to control how they react or feel on the inside.

  2. Mar 2019
    1. an independent sense of self are more likely to describe themselves in terms of traits suchas “I am honest,” “I am intelligent,” or “I am talkative.” On the other hand, people with a moreinterdependent sense of self are more likely to describe themselves in terms of their relationto others such as “I am a sister,” “I am a good friend,” or “I am a leader on my team”

      I feel like most people tend to use both senses when describing themselves. For example, when an employer asks to tell a little bit about yourself, I think it would be common for someone to express their personal traits but also mention things like being a leader to tell what they can offer.

    2. One example of thisis Muslim women who wear a hijab, or head scarf. Non-Muslims do not follow this practice,so occasional misunderstandings arise about the appropriateness of the tradition.

      This reminds me of the activity from last week dealing with prejudice. Someone who was not a part of that culture assumed the woman wearing the hijab was just trying to "hide her hair" instead of just seeing it as she was expressing her culture.

    3. The concept of cultural intelligence is the ability to understand why members ofother cultures act in the ways they do.

      I think this is important to have in order to decrease or even eliminate people possibly being judgmental to other cultures just because it may be different from their own.

    1. SDO)describes a belief that group hierarchiesare inevitable in all societies and are evena good idea to maintain order and stability

      Reasons like this is why I believe there will never be true equality. Whether people leave them as just thought and feelings or they act on it, there will always be this idea that most differences mean "better than or less then" even though that may not necessarily be the case.

    2. For example, ethnic Asians living in the UnitedStates are commonly referred to as the “model minority” because of their perceived successin areas such as education, income, and social stability.

      This can also be indirectly negative. Ethnic asians may be looked at differently if they don't fit this stereotype. This can cause people belonging to this group to possibly feel less than because of what people expect from them.

    3. And as countlessstudies have revealed, people are mostly faster at pairing their own group with goodcategories, compared to pairing others’ groups. In fact, this finding generally holds regardlessif one’s group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary,insignificant memberships.

      I thing these results may also be because if people like themselves, they are probably less likely to think negatively of a group they associate themselves with. Most people would be quick to associate "their group" with good things because they probably wouldn't like tho think that they're associated with something bad.

    4. These subtlebiases are unexamined and sometimesunconscious but real in their consequences.

      I feel like this type of bias is what is most common today. Even though we're in times where there is more equality than in the past, people are still raised by people who lived in those past times. therefore people are still portraying the negative inequality because it was how they were taught. They may not even notice that they're being biased because they think that's just the way things are supposed to be.

    1. Children who are perceivedas gender atypical (i.e., do not conform to gender stereotypes) are more likely to be bulliedand rejected than their more gender-conforming peers.

      Although this is cruel, I believe that this partially stems from lack of knowledge of people who are different; especially at younger ages. Many kids will probably wonder WHY that person is different and see gender stereotypes as right vs wrong, instead of just thinking people can be different.

    2. Many domains we assume differ across genders are really based on gender stereotypes andnot actual differences. Based on large meta-analyses, the analyses of thousands of studiesacross more than one million people, research has shown: Girls are not more fearful, shy, orscared of new things than boys; boys are not more angry than girls and girls are not moreemotional than boys; boys do not perform better at math than girls; and girls are not moretalkative than boys

      This brings into question if the stereotypes of boys and girls are learned behaviors. We tend to think that boys are just naturally one way, and girls are just naturally another but it's possible that this isn't really true and it just evolves based on the different ways people raise boys and girls.

    3. With respect to aggression, boys exhibithigher rates of unprovoked physicalaggression than girls

      This explains how the saying "boys will be boys" evolved and how we tend to expect girls to be more modest.

    4. A person can be biologically malebut have a female gender identity while being attracted to women, or any other combinationof identities and orientations

      I feel like this is important to have a better understanding of people who don't necessarily correspond with how we "expect" them to be. All of these combinations help define how so many people can be different.

  3. Feb 2019
    1. altruistically motivated helpers are willingto accept the cost of helping to benefit a person with whom they have empathized—this “self-sacrificial” approach to helping is the hallmark of altruism

      This concept appears in people who have careers like military or fire fighters. Though these are their jobs and they get paid for it, it is still a choice.There is some part of them that is selfless enough to want to help at others while also sacrificing their own safety.

    2. The potential rewards of helping someone will also enter into the equation, perhaps offsettingthe cost of helping.

      I can relate this to the discussions of cooperation last week. The game that required us to cooperate or defect was an example of this. It can be viewed as people decided whether or not they wanted to help (cooperate) based on how many points they would receive. It was common for people to have the mindset, "what's in it for me"?

    3. Social psychologists began trying to answer this question following the unfortunate murderof Kitty Genovese in 1964 (Dovidio, Piliavin, Schroeder, & Penner, 2006; Penner, Dovidio,Piliavin, & Schroeder, 2005). A knife-wielding assailant attacked Kitty repeatedly as she wasreturning to her apartment early one morning. At least 38 people may have been aware ofthe attack, but no one came to save her.

      I remember discussing this event when i took sociology last semester. At the time we were learning about the bystander effect how, in this case, it cost someone their life. it was interesting but also surprising to see that even in such a tragic event when you expect people to be the most helpful, they aren't.

    4. Theentertainment offered is the nature of thebystanders’ responses, and viewers areoutraged when bystanders fail to intervene.They are convinced that they would havehelped. But would they? Viewers are overlyoptimistic in their beliefs that they wouldplay the hero

      People have a habit of assuming they know what they would do in situations when they are on the outside looking in. I believe it always depends because sometimes you can never really understand a situation in its' entirety until you're actually in it for yourself.

    1. Researchers have found thatgroups interacting with other groups are more competitive and less cooperative thanindividuals interacting with other individuals,

      This make sense because people may feel more confident when they have a "team" versus being by themselves. As a result, people are more likely to be more "competitive" for the benefit of their team where working alone they may feel like they have a smaller chance of succeeding.

    2. his suggests that those who explicitly commit to cooperate are driven not by the fearof external punishment by group members, but by their own personal desire to honor suchcommitments.

      This reminds of the saying "be a man of your word". I believe that it's a simple action that can tell a lot about the type of person you are.

    3. Open communication between people is one of the best ways to promote cooperation

      I agree with this because sometimes if things are not fully explained, something can be misunderstood. This can lead to misguided negative feelings or attitudes. but if people are able to effectively communicate, it can prevent or reduce many problems.

    4. Evidence of the link between empathy and cooperationhas even been found in studies of preschool children (Marcus, Telleen, & Roke, 1979). Froma very early age, emotional understanding can foster cooperation.

      I can understand this because if you cannot understand where someone is coming from, it is harder to want to work with them. For example, a person could seem like they have a bad attitude towards everyone but it's because they loss someone in their family. If you don't know about their loss, you would be more willing to believe that's just how the person is, versus trying to meet them where they are.

    5. behavior. Instead, there is a surprising tendency to cooperate in the prisoner’s dilemma andsimilar tasks (Batson & Moran, 1999; Oosterbeek, Sloof, Van De Kuilen, 2004). Given the clearbenefits to defect, why then do some people choose to cooperate, whereas others choose todefect?Individual Differences in CooperationSocial Value OrientationOne key factor related to individual differences in cooperation is the extent to which peoplevalue not only their own outcomes, but also the outcomes of others

      I believe factors like this depends on one's personality. Some people are always willing to look out for others before themselves or they rather see someone else succeed at their own expense rather than someone else failing because of them.

    1. The social brain is of great researchinterest because the social difficultiescharacteristic of ASD are thought to relateclosely to the functioning of this brainnetwork

      Social difficulties with ASD explains why kids with autism have trouble expressing themselves and communicating effectively. For example, when a child with ASD is upset, they get very frustrated because they are unable to effectively relay what it is that's bothering them.

    2. The brains of people with ASD are not wired to processoptimally social information. But this does not mean that these systems are irretrievably

      I can relate to this because my cousin has autism and though she may not interact with other kids her age the same as the average child, she still displays a difference in comfort between being with her immediate family versus being around someone she has never met or might not know as well.

    3. Moreover, across development, butespecially during infancy, behavior is widelyvariable and often unreliable, and atpresent, behavioral observation is the onlymeans to detect symptoms of ASD and toconfirm a diagnosis

      I understand how this can be a problem because some parents may not pick up on subtle behavior that might indicate signs of ASD. Therefore, it could become more difficult to diagnose kids with the disorder early on. As a result, children can be negatively impacted by this by not being able to receive necessary treatment when they need it.

    4. Consider the results of an eye tracking study in which Pelphrey and colleagues (2002) observedthat individuals with autism did not make use of the eyes when judging facial expressions ofemotion

      II remember discussing this study in abnormal psychology with Dr. Cleveland. She mentioned how people with autism were studied while watching something like a movie and their attention never really focused on the faces of people in the movies but more so on other aspects that took place or background features.

  4. Jan 2019
    1. Researchers have identified two key ingredients to effective teamwork: a shared mentalrepresentation of the task and group unity. Teams improve their performance over time asthey develop a shared understanding of the team and the tasks they are attempting.

      I've had experience with this because on my team we are more likely to be most productive in practices when we all agree or compromise on strategies that would work best to help us be successful at competitions. We all want to improve more and more each year so it makes it easier for us to come together and get things done.

    2. People are defined not only by their traits, preferences, interests,likes, and dislikes, but also by their friendships, social roles, family connections, and groupmemberships.

      This reminds me of the common saying, "birds of a feather flock together." People tend to think that you are who you hang around. Even if there are time when it may not necessarily be true, it is a way way of thinking that many people have.

    3. To maintain a sense of self-worth, people seek out and compare themselves to the less fortunate. This process is knownas downward social comparison.

      As negative as this may sound, I think this is true for may people; even if they do it unintentionally. If you tend to associate yourself with people who are always "doing better" than you, you may only be supportive the first few times. After a while you may eventually get the feeling that you're not good enough, or not as good as everyone else. When associating yourself with the less fortunate, it easier to be more proud of what you've accomplished.

    4. People respond negatively when their need to belong is unfulfilled. For example, collegestudents often feel homesick and lonely when they first start college, but not if they belongto a cohesive, socially satisfying group

      I can relate to this because after my first year at Lander i contemplated whether or not i wanted to continue school here or transfer to a school that would be closer to home. However, being on the dance team made me feel a sense of obligation and belonging that I eventually decided to stay at Lander. To me, the dance team gave me something to be committed to.

    1. Children’s notionsof friendship often focus on sharedactivities, whereas adolescents’ notions offriendship increasingly focus on intimateexchanges of thoughts and feelings

      I can relate to this because while in high school I noticed a difference in the people I only communicated with because we may have had a class together and the people I talked to outside of school because they were genuinely my friend. The people I spent time with outside of school were the people I was more likely to have more intimate and personal conversations with.

    2. If the mother looks fearful or distressed, the infant is likely to respondwith wariness or distress because the mother’s expression signals danger

      This reminds me of when people believe toddlers only worry because the mom worries. For example, if a toddler is playing and accidentally falls, they're sometimes more like to get right back up and keep playing until they see the moms reaction. Whenever the mom panics and rushes to concern, that is when the toddler begins to cry because they feel like that is the response they are supposed to have.

    3. Peer relationships are also important.Social interaction with another child who issimilar in age, skills, and knowledgeprovokes the development of many socialskills that are valuable for the rest of life(Bukowski, Buhrmester, & Underwood,2011).

      I believe peer relationships can sometimes have a stronger influence than parent-child relationships. It is when kids are around their peers where they learn what they like and dislike, they're also exposed to things like temptation and peer pressure. These are things that kids learn about best when they have experience with them versus what a parent may just try to verbalize to them at home.

    4. they promote children’s motivation to stay close to those whocare for them

      I agree with this because in my personal life I've noticed sometimes it is easier to ask mom for help with things since she has always been there for me. When it comes to other people or family members who may not have always given the same support, I am hesitant to ask them for help as often.

    5. How much are we products ofnature or nurture?

      I've learned recently in Dr. Snyder's childhood psychopathology class that often times people are a product of BOTH nature and nurture. Though some of our preferences and habits are a product of nature, things like morals and values can also be a product of nurture.