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    1. This would change inheritance systems, taxation, and even legal structures. Trade goods would have been replaced with wool and plant-based oils, particularly affecting the mediterranean. Additionally, without cattle, there would be a greater demand for human labor in agriculture.

      I like this reimagining of economic structures, especially the shift in labor demands. It might be worth pushing this further—would increased human labor slow down industrialization or fundamentally change class structures?

    2. Essentially, aurochs pioneered the messy, mixed landscapes full of diversity and characteristic of European landscapes. Remove aurochs and the ecosystems become more uniform and less interactive.

      I think it's very interesting and impressive how well you've thought out the consequences of removing Aurochs. Again, it emphasizes how much influence cattle have had on our planet over time, something I haven't thought deeply about. I actually recently asked my mom if she knew where cows originated from, so it's funny to be reading a project entirely on this subject.

    3. he absence of cattle from European and North African landscapes would likely reshape early cultures in these regions, snowballing into massive differences in our modern existence. Cattle were not just food, they were engines of agriculture.

      It is very interesting to trace back the origin of cattle, because it is such a defining part of our food chain, cultures, and ecosystems. If we want to tackle the issue that factory farming and the domestication of cattle raise, then we have to trace just how far back our relationship with cattle goes, and how deeply we will be affected if we do anything to change this. I haven't thought of it in this way before.

    4. DescriptionDetails

      I would have loved to see more images/evidence of how they are cultural symbols in Europe. Maybe even enlarging the image so we can see it better?

    1. he "free-est" cow I've ever seen have been those that are free to graze in a fenced off pasture, typically close to a road. What does a truly free cow look like? And if all cattle were given the right to freedom, where would they go? We've bred them in such great numbers, is there enough quality habitat area on Earth for them? And if we were to release cows from human dominance, who else would we free consequentially?

      This is a really good note to end on; it leaves the reader guessing. Personally, I'm intrigued, and this has me thinking of alternative scenarios regarding our treatment of animals.

    2. What moral obligations do we have to cows?

      This is such an interesting perspective. I really enjoy having to stop and think about what we owe to all these species we have destroyed for the sake of "humanity." It's something I haven't thought of before, but you're absolutely right, we do have a responsibility.

    3. The degree to which modern economies are facilitated by simply the existence of the cattle industry cannot be overstated.

      I did not realize just how much the cattle industry was involved in the modern economy until I read your speculative fiction about what the world would look like without cattle. It makes you wonder what we can actually change about the industry to ameliorate the planet, when any change could have major consequences.

    4. However, development must be founded on sustainability centered growth, not towards technological prowess and advancement for the purposes of advancement

      I completely agree, and, historically speaking, it seems that a big part of the Anthropocene was technological advancement and progress for progress's sake. Technological advancements must center on sustainability if we want to see any change.

    5. took notes of the main lessons and thoughts going through my head as I tried to grapple with these fictional realities.

      I also love when you incorporate your own voice, because there was a lot of setting up information, and it felt rewarding to get to the point where it's all connecting, and I'm seeing your thoughts.

    6. Lessons:

      This is purely for aesthetic reasons, but including background photos throughout the project would help avoid a grey backdrop. But this is just about playing around with Scalar's features; the actual content is great!

    7. Lessons from Speculative Futures

      I really enjoyed all your speculative futures because they helped me truly understand how important cows/cattle are to the modern world and how deeply implicated they are in the Anthropocene. It was a clever way to get me to really think about the information you've provided and then put my brain to work and see "ok, well if they're so important, what would happen if you took them away?" and then you can see how impactful they are on humans, the economy, and the environment.