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www.jstor.org www.jstor.org
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a baselinefor specific locations, we can reexamine aviancommunities at the same locations in the future as
always important to revisit and reexamine data in years to come!
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However, withoutpre-colonization data, we canno
limited data before bird colonization, likely because the colonization was unanticipated
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we found few relationships betweenpotential food competitors and the parakeets.Population numbers for those species were similarbetween MOPA and Non-MOPA site
parakeets are not displacing any native birds for food
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of more bird feeders in thoseareas because Monk Parakeets appear entirelydependent upon them during the Chicago wint
this made me chuckle-- Chicago winters are brutal and generally any animal will eat whatever food available, no matter if it's a tropical bird and it's -40 degrees
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avian communities they invade. Our data suggesthat presence of Monk Parakeets does notsignificantly affect avian communities in theChicago a
monk parakeets (again) are more subtle nuisance than direct disturbance (as of now)
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Spearman correlati
important for statisticians, they can also learn how to use this data
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five more sites (T
thorough research
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nly Rock Pigeons had a significant (negative)correlation with Monk Parakeets based on meanrelative abundance at s
this makes sense-- pigeons are abundant in most cities
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species
important to note-- this research is well conducted and notes any/all possible (in)consistencies
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On average, these species accounted for themajority of birds observed at MOPA sites andnearly half the birds observed at Non-MOPA sites(Table 2
key data point, which is matched in graphs and charts
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We also tested for correlations (Spearman rank) between parakeets andthose same competitor species when we had atleast 40 observation
purpose: to compare habitat and lifestyle of parakeets and competitors
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"food competitor community" by onlyusing species observed with diets that mightoverlap significantly with Monk Parakeets (i.e., alarge portion of their diet includes plant materialssuch as seeds, fruits, leaf buds, and grasses) basedon their species accounts in Birds of NorthAmerica Online
again, looking for the most similar birds that are not monk parakeets (great scientific practice!)
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measured avian diversity,evenness, and richness.
in-depth search, also good scientific practice
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. A preliminary analysis of woody plants at asubsample of the transect sites found no significantdifference in abundance, richness, diversity, andevenness bet
making conditions as comparable as possible-- good scientific practice
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, interviews with residents, mediareleases requesting information, and searches bythe authors upon initiation of the stud
such an important part of research-- communication with eyewitnesses!
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ood. We looked for broad relationships that could generate future hypotheses andmore focused future resear
difficult to build on much previous research because not much exists
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008). Since then, theparakeets have expanded out of their putativeorigin in Hyde Park (Pruett-Jones and Tarvin1998) and have become particularly abundant inthe south and southwestern portions of the greaterChicago area (Marcisz 2005, Pruett-J
habitat expansion could cause a greater magnitude of problems for a greater magnitude of people
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for other species that usetheir nests as breeding platforms or use chambersas cavities
nests could be used for other birds-- would parakeets get territorial, though?
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vectors for disease
birds could spread infections, but few reports of this actually happening (though also could be lack of research)
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Anecdotal accounts suggestMonk Parakeets are aggressive and behaviorallydominant over other avian speci
could possibly compete with other birds for food
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ir popularity as pets (i.e., propagulepressure) help make them excellent colonizers andpotential invad
adds to the theory that they were pets first and released into the environment
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010). Invasive species mayaffect native species directly through prédation,competition, and disease or indirectly throughprocesses like habitat disruption (Gurevitch and
examples of how invasive species may harm an environment. So far no examples of how parakeets have harmed the urban environment through these methods
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ets likely are not having a strong influence on urban avian communities, but we cannot rule out effescale
again, parakeets are more of just a nuisance, rather than causing significant harm
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out Monk Parakeets and hypothesized that observed differences between t
this study explored differences in communities with and without monk parakeets
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www.aphis.usda.gov www.aphis.usda.gov
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heir status at the Statelevel varies considerably─from no regulation to completeprotection.
Should establish a working group that identifies their actual threatened status in different areas so that scientists can work together
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To date, widespread crop damage in the U.S. by monkparakeets has not materialized as originally anticipated.
again, not a life threatening species to citizens, more of a nuisance
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n general, movements to feeding sites are short, within 3to 5 km (1.8 to 3.1 miles) of the nest colony.
stay in concentrated areas
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Nesting usually occurs in colonies. The colony includessingle and compound nest structures closely spacedamong a few trees, or on a cell tower, transmission linetower, or electric utility substation. A given compound neststructure may contain several chambers, each used by adifferent pair of birds. Massive nests in Argentinareportedly contained more than 200 nest chambers andweighed hundreds of pounds. Compound nests aremaintained by all birds using the structure, including non-breeders
nests would be very hard to remove
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he monk parakeet first appeared inNew York in 1968, and was first recorded breeding inFlorida in 1969. Today, thriving populations of monkparakeets occur in several states, particularly New York,Connecticut, Illinois, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida
Mostly concentrated in either tropical or urban areas-- prime spots for the exotic pet trade
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(3 to 4 ounces body mass,approximately 11 inches total length).
fairly large, could possibly be aggressive if provoked by humans
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Monk parakeets nest seasonally, and nestremovals can often be timed to avoid accidentallydestroying eggs or nestlings
some sort of solution, but will not fix the more permanent problem. I think the fertility drug would be the best option with the smallest amount of labor
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“well-trained personnel whoare regularly monitored to ensure proficiency.”
definitely too resource intensive to be effecive
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Manystates prohibit the release of non-native species; severalstates prohibit possession, transport, sale or release ofmonk parakeets.
Likely won't help, the birds can just fly to a different area
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or now, this method remains experimentalas diazacon is not registered with the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency
I think this might work the most: not harmful, does not require too much manual human labor, and does not brutally kill the birds. The EPA should reconsider this method
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n south Florida, one utility companyremoved hundreds of birds at several substations by hiringa private contractor to implement this approach.Figure 6. Special long-handled nets have been developed for parakeetremoval at nests.Page 4Figures 7 (left) and 8. Remotely triggered spring-loaded trap installed atmonk parakeet feeding platform. After the observer confirms non-targetspecies are not present, the trap is activated and parakeets are captured.WDM Technical Series—Monk Parakeets
most success with trapping, and poses least danger to humans
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None are registered.
could also be dangerous to people (specifically in residential areas)
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The feasibilityof applying this approach is unknown
this sounds difficult and may not be worth intensive work
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Thisapproach would not be cost-effective or practical on a largescale
This is the key difficulty with all of the solutions: none are practical or cost-effective
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south Florida from 349 in 2001 to142 in 2006.
relatively successful strategy, could continue to be implemented
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The tubular construction creates few flat surfaces andangles thereby greatly reducing preferred nestingsubstrates
further economic consideration: build more of these towers that are difficult to nest on, thereby attempting to alleviate this problem
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sometimes removed with long-handled nets or live traps
difficult and does not solve the larger problem of too many birds, but a start
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Anymanagement actions associated with electric utilityfacilities should be carried out by trained utility employeesor their authorized agents
Economic concerns of environmental problems, reflective of people and nature idea
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The frequency of power outages due toparakeet nests increases during wet weather.
again, still mostly just nuisance and not life-threatening damage, though with increasing bird populations, this could escalate
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he high-voltage, energized environment around substations makesthe removal of nests very dangerous unless the substationis taken offline─an unlikely occurrence given theassociated expense and disruption of service to the localcommunity
difficult for humans to remove bird nests, and gives further explanation as to why this method is ineffective
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Reproductivecontrol through contraception showspromise for long-term, nonlethalpopulation management.
solution, though likely difficult to implement, costly, and may backfire if it goes wrong
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Monk parakeets often construct nests onman-made structures, such as electricutility facilities and cell phone towers.
Nuisance, but also could be dangerous
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population to be increasing exponentially
sudden population change... I wonder why?
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