Bolshevik Revolution

November 11, 1918

Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918,

Committee on Public Information

American Expeditionary Force i

the Selective Service Act,

Arthur Zimmermann,

Naval Act of 1916.

National Defense Act of 1916

gunboat diplomacy

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, proclaiming U.S. police power in the Caribbean.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

pain’s decaying military crumbled

Veracruz

Guano Islands Act of 1856.

Boxer Rebellion

Open Door Policy,

National Welfare Rights Organization

the Albany Movement,

aise the prices of agricultural commodities

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) provided direct cash assistance to state relief agencies struggling to care for the unemployed;

Congress of Industrial Organizations

exploit new job opportunities

National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, guaranteed the rights of most workers to unionize and bargain collectively.

1938 Fair Labor Standards Act,

The Public Works Administration

The Civil Works Administration (CWA) and, later, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments

uspended antitrust laws to allow businesses to establish “codes” that would coordinate prices, regulate production levels, and establish conditions of employment to curtail “cutthroat competition.

Tennessee Valley Authority

The Civilian Conservation Corps

Emergency Banking Act

In the 1932 presidential election, the incumbent president, Herbert Hoover, a Republican, promised that he would stand firm against those who, he said, would destroy the U.S. Constitution to restore the economy. Chief among these supposedly dangerous experimenters was the Democratic presidential nominee, New York governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, who began his campaign by pledging a New Deal for the American people.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Department of Charities began a simultaneous drive to repatriate Mexicans and Mexican Americans on relief, negotiating a charity rate with the railroads to return Mexicans “voluntarily” to their mother country.

offered low-interest home loans, a stipend to attend college, loans to start a business, and unemployment benefits.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA),

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Levittown, the prototypical suburban community, in 1946 in Long Island, New York. Purchasing large acreage, subdividing lots, and contracting crews to build countless homes at economies of scale, Levitt offered affordable suburban housing to veterans and their families

Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, in which the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled that “separate but equal” violated the Interstate Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

n Shelley v. Kraemer

aissez faire, or “hands off,” economic policy

the election of 1912

NAACP.

The Crisis,

Upton Sinclair

conservation

preservation

National Woman’s Party

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Hull House

American fundamentalists spanned Protestant denominations and borrowed from diverse philosophies and theologies, most notably the holiness movement, the larger revivalism of the nineteenth century, and new dispensationalist theology (in which history proceeded, and would end, through “dispensations” by God). They did, however, all agree that modernism was the enemy and the Bible was the inerrant word of God.

nativism

National Origins Act

Fear of foreign radicals led to the executions of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists, in 1927.

he Universal Negro Improvement Association

promote racial pride, encourage Black economic independence, and root out racial oppression in Africa and the Diaspora.

Great Migration

department store

Menlo Park

Tammany Hall

In 1892, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck at one of Carnegie’s steel mills in Homestead, Pennsylvania. After repeated wage cuts, workers shut the plant down and occupied the mill.

the Omaha Platform

Eugene Debs

In 1894, workers in George Pullman’s Pullman car factories struck when he cut wages by a quarter

The Knights of Labor

The American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Andrew Carnegie

J. D. Rockefeller

Cornelius Vanderbilt, oilmen such as J. D. Rockefeller, steel magnates such as Andrew Carnegie, and bankers such as J. P. Morgan

the Gilded Age

the corporation, using new state incorporation laws passed during the Market Revolution of the early nineteenth century, became a legal mechanism for nearly any enterprise to marshal vast amounts of capital while limiting the liability of shareholders

To match the demands of the machine age, Taylor said, firms needed a scientific organization of production. He urged all manufacturers to increase efficiency by subdividing tasks.

Taylorism increased the scale and scope of manufacturing and allowed for the flowering of mass production

The World’s Columbian Exposition

Chief Joseph

a guerrilla war for eleven months in which at least two hundred U.S. troops were killed before they were finally forced to surrender. Despite appeals from settlers acquainted with the Modoc, the federal government hanged Kintpuash and three others leaders in a highly choreographed and publicized public execution.17

The Sand Creek Massacre was a national scandal, alternately condemned and applauded.

Treaty of Bosque Redondo

Board of Indian Commissioners

Fighting broke out at New Ulm, Fort Ridgely, and Birch Coulee, but the Americans broke Indigenous resistance at the Battle of Wood Lake on September 23, ending the so-called Dakota War.10

Homestead Act

American bison slaughter

the Enforcement Acts

Compromise of 1877

convict-lease system

Black towns across the South. Perhaps the most well-known of these towns was Mound Bayou, Mississippi

the Lost Cause narrative

Jim Crow

When just 10 percent of a state’s voting population had taken such an oath, loyal Unionists could then establish governments.3 These so-called Lincoln governments sprang up in pockets where Union support existed like Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Unsurprisingly, these were also the places that were exempted from the liberating effects of the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Fourteenth Amendment

His Reconstruction plan required provisional southern governments to void their ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. On all other matters, the conventions could do what they wanted with no federal interference.

The amendment legally abolished slavery “except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”