September 11, 2001

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act banned employment discrimination based on sex, in addition to race, color, religion, and national origin.

Great Compression, Americans of all classes benefited from postwar prosperity.

John Kenneth Galbraith

Obergefell v. Hodges

Between 1990 and 2010, the proportion of foreign-born individuals in the United States grew from 7.9 percent to 12.9 percent, and the number of undocumented immigrants tripled from 3.5 million to 11.2.

r. When Iraq invaded the small but oil-rich nation of Kuwait in 1990, Congress granted President Bush approval to intervene.

1989 e

The economy continued its halfhearted recovery from the Great Recession.

Bush Doctrine, a policy in which the United States would have the right to unilaterally and preemptively make war on any regime or terrorist organization that posed a threat to the United States or to U.S. citizens.

2000 election pitted Vice President Albert Gore Jr. against George W. Bush,

, George H. W. Bush was a World War II veteran, president of a successful oil company, chair of the Republican National Committee, director of the CIA, and member of the House of Representatives from Texas.

governor Bill Clinton.

Supreme Court ruled in Citizens United v. FEC that no limits could be placed on political spending by corporations, unions, and nonprofits.

Taliban

The last U.S. combat forces left Iraq on December 18, 2011.

removing all combat troops by 2014.

financial deregulation

the Bush administration set its sights on Iraq.

Afghanistan by the Taliban, the country’s Islamic government,

he Tax Reform Act of 1986.

African American poverty rate stood at 31.6 percent, as opposed to 10.1 percent for whites.

to approve the Boland Amendment, which barred the United States from supplying funds to the contras, a right-wing insurgency fighting the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

Geraldine Ferraro

Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) as a vehicle for distancing the party from organized labor and Keynesian economics while cultivating the business community.

supply-side economic theories that had recently gained popularity among the New Right.

In 1979 Jerry Falwell

hen the shah was deposed in November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and took fifty-two Americans hostage.

The Camp David Accords

“misery index,”

Jimmy Carter,

New Right politicians who constructed an identity centered on “small government” found their most loyal support in the Sun Belt.

Rust Belt.

Detroit devolved into a mass of unemployment, crime, and crippled municipal resources. When riots rocked Detroit in 1967, 25 to 30 percent of Black residents between ages eighteen and twenty-four were unemployed.37

the Pentagon Papers,

The previous month Arab members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a cartel of the world’s leading oil producers, embargoed oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East.

détente

“silent majority”

Democratic National Convention in Chicago at the end of August 1968,

Kerner Commission

ll in the Family,

Altamont Motor Speedway

Paris Peace Accords

My Lai.

Tet Offensive.

Head Start

white flight

Community Action

Cuban Missile Crisis

Bay of Pigs

Fidel Castro

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnam,

Dien Bien Phu

Ho Chi Minh

the dominant notion that government fiscal and monetary policy were necessary economic tools—in academia.

National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)

baby boom

The Affluent Society

This Hollywood Ten

or McCarran Act,

Battle of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954,

ighting erupted in Korea between communists in the north and American-backed anti-communists in the south.18

Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

the Marshall Plan,

Bretton Woods Conference,

iron curtain

A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the largest Black trade union in the nation, made headlines by threatening President Roosevelt with a march on Washington, D.C. In this “crisis of democracy,”

Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, the Fair Employment Practice in Defense Industries Act,

Double V campaign.

President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066,

D-Day, as it became popularly known, was the largest amphibious assault in history.

Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin)

Axis,

In the north, the German army starved Leningrad to death during an interminable siege;

Blitz—a bombing campaign against cities and civilians.

It was called Blitzkrieg, or lightning war.

he Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Sudetenland, a large, ethnically German area of Czechoslovakia.

Chiang Kai-shek

Manchukuo

Hungry for Chinese territory and witnessing the weakness and disorganization of Chinese forces, but under the pretense of protecting Japanese citizens and investments, the Japanese Imperial Army ordered a full-scale invasion of Manchuria. The invasion was swift. Without a centralized Chinese army, the Japanese quickly defeated isolated Chinese warlords and by the end of February 1932, all of Manchuria was firmly under Japanese control. Japan established the nation of Manchukuo out of the former province of Manchuria.1

Bolshevik Revolution

November 11, 1918

Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918,

Committee on Public Information

American Expeditionary Force i

the Selective Service Act,

Arthur Zimmermann,

Naval Act of 1916.

National Defense Act of 1916

gunboat diplomacy

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, proclaiming U.S. police power in the Caribbean.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

pain’s decaying military crumbled

Veracruz

Guano Islands Act of 1856.

Boxer Rebellion

Open Door Policy,

National Welfare Rights Organization

the Albany Movement,

aise the prices of agricultural commodities

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) provided direct cash assistance to state relief agencies struggling to care for the unemployed;

Congress of Industrial Organizations

exploit new job opportunities

National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, guaranteed the rights of most workers to unionize and bargain collectively.

1938 Fair Labor Standards Act,

The Public Works Administration

The Civil Works Administration (CWA) and, later, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments

uspended antitrust laws to allow businesses to establish “codes” that would coordinate prices, regulate production levels, and establish conditions of employment to curtail “cutthroat competition.

Tennessee Valley Authority

The Civilian Conservation Corps

Emergency Banking Act

In the 1932 presidential election, the incumbent president, Herbert Hoover, a Republican, promised that he would stand firm against those who, he said, would destroy the U.S. Constitution to restore the economy. Chief among these supposedly dangerous experimenters was the Democratic presidential nominee, New York governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, who began his campaign by pledging a New Deal for the American people.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Department of Charities began a simultaneous drive to repatriate Mexicans and Mexican Americans on relief, negotiating a charity rate with the railroads to return Mexicans “voluntarily” to their mother country.

offered low-interest home loans, a stipend to attend college, loans to start a business, and unemployment benefits.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA),

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Levittown, the prototypical suburban community, in 1946 in Long Island, New York. Purchasing large acreage, subdividing lots, and contracting crews to build countless homes at economies of scale, Levitt offered affordable suburban housing to veterans and their families

Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, in which the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled that “separate but equal” violated the Interstate Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

n Shelley v. Kraemer

aissez faire, or “hands off,” economic policy

the election of 1912

NAACP.

The Crisis,

Upton Sinclair

conservation

preservation

National Woman’s Party

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Hull House

American fundamentalists spanned Protestant denominations and borrowed from diverse philosophies and theologies, most notably the holiness movement, the larger revivalism of the nineteenth century, and new dispensationalist theology (in which history proceeded, and would end, through “dispensations” by God). They did, however, all agree that modernism was the enemy and the Bible was the inerrant word of God.

nativism

National Origins Act

Fear of foreign radicals led to the executions of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists, in 1927.

he Universal Negro Improvement Association

promote racial pride, encourage Black economic independence, and root out racial oppression in Africa and the Diaspora.

Great Migration

department store

Menlo Park

Tammany Hall

In 1892, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck at one of Carnegie’s steel mills in Homestead, Pennsylvania. After repeated wage cuts, workers shut the plant down and occupied the mill.

the Omaha Platform

Eugene Debs

In 1894, workers in George Pullman’s Pullman car factories struck when he cut wages by a quarter

The Knights of Labor

The American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Andrew Carnegie

J. D. Rockefeller

Cornelius Vanderbilt, oilmen such as J. D. Rockefeller, steel magnates such as Andrew Carnegie, and bankers such as J. P. Morgan

the Gilded Age

the corporation, using new state incorporation laws passed during the Market Revolution of the early nineteenth century, became a legal mechanism for nearly any enterprise to marshal vast amounts of capital while limiting the liability of shareholders

To match the demands of the machine age, Taylor said, firms needed a scientific organization of production. He urged all manufacturers to increase efficiency by subdividing tasks.

Taylorism increased the scale and scope of manufacturing and allowed for the flowering of mass production

The World’s Columbian Exposition

Chief Joseph

a guerrilla war for eleven months in which at least two hundred U.S. troops were killed before they were finally forced to surrender. Despite appeals from settlers acquainted with the Modoc, the federal government hanged Kintpuash and three others leaders in a highly choreographed and publicized public execution.17

The Sand Creek Massacre was a national scandal, alternately condemned and applauded.

Treaty of Bosque Redondo

Board of Indian Commissioners

Fighting broke out at New Ulm, Fort Ridgely, and Birch Coulee, but the Americans broke Indigenous resistance at the Battle of Wood Lake on September 23, ending the so-called Dakota War.10

Homestead Act

American bison slaughter

the Enforcement Acts

Compromise of 1877

convict-lease system

Black towns across the South. Perhaps the most well-known of these towns was Mound Bayou, Mississippi

the Lost Cause narrative

Jim Crow

When just 10 percent of a state’s voting population had taken such an oath, loyal Unionists could then establish governments.3 These so-called Lincoln governments sprang up in pockets where Union support existed like Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Unsurprisingly, these were also the places that were exempted from the liberating effects of the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Fourteenth Amendment

His Reconstruction plan required provisional southern governments to void their ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. On all other matters, the conventions could do what they wanted with no federal interference.

The amendment legally abolished slavery “except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”