ne of my premises is that most American socialists and feminists see deepened dualisms of mind and body, animal and machine, idealism and materialism in the social practices, symbolic formula-tions, and physical artefacts associated with 'high technology' and scientific culture.
reiteration of claim
the goal of topic modeling is to automatically discover the topics from a collection of documents.
that is why it is called topic modeling
Topic modeling enables us to organize and summarize electronic archives at a scale that would be impos-sible by human annotation.
it wouldnt be impossible, it would just take a really fucking long time and technology realllllly cuts that time in half
probabilis-tic topic modeling, a suite of algorithms that aim to discover and annotate large archives of documents with thematic information
this is the goal or main objective through the ny times
Yet, this utopian fantasy of the West Coast depends upon its blindness towards - and dependence on - the social and racial polarisation of the society from which it was born
In which it continues to radicalize
Despite these fantasies, white people in California remain dependent on their darker-skinned fellow humans to work in their factories, pick their crops, look after their children and tend their gardens
extensions of slavery
natural rights of man
albeit white men only
In many cyberpunk novels, this asocial libertarianism is portrayed by the central character of the hacker, who is a lone individual fighting for survival within the virtual world of information
Case and point in Neuromancer
For instance, the MUD program which allows real-time Net conferencing was invented by a group of students who wanted to play fantasy games over a computer network.
This shows that ingenuity of applications and networks can come from sure luck and development of algorithms, while the ability to launch them is inherently fiscal.
the Net's development was almost completely dependent on the much reviled American federal government.
so true, it was dumb private
At this crucial juncture, a loose alliance of writers, hackers, capitalists and artists from the West Coast of the USA have succeeded in defining a heterogeneous orthodoxy for the coming information age: the Californian Ideology.
What would eventually become Silicon Tech was stemmed from protest as a response against conservative government hailed in the Berkeley region.
Who would have thought that such a contradictory mix of technological determinism and libertarian individualism would becoming the hybrid orthodoxy of the information age?
That is the central q
Crucially, influenced by the theories of Marshall McLuhan, these technophiliacs thought that the convergence of media, computing and telecommunications would inevitably create the electronic agora - a virtual place where everyone would be able to express their opinions without fear of censorship
Basically, they used McLuhan's concepts to foreshadow the rise of the Internet, which was considered this uncensored Electronic Algora, assuming 'agora' as the greek term for market or in this case global villages
The radical hippies were liberals in the social sense of the word.
They were dumby liberal
Unlike their parents, the hippies refused to conform to the rigid social conventions imposed on organisation men by the military, the universities, the corporations and even left-wing political parties.
Showing the generational divide between baby boomers and hippies counterculture
On 15 May 1969, Governor Ronald Reagan ordered armed police to carry out a dawn raid against hippie protesters who had occupied People's Park near the Berkeley campus of the University of California.
Gahdamn yuppies!
they want information technologies to be used to create a new 'Jeffersonian democracy' where all individuals will be able to express themselves freely within cyberspace.
They want democracy of the people through the internet
Bestiality has a new status in this cycle of marriage exchange.
wtf?
The main trouble with cyborgs, of course, is that they are the illegitimate offspring of militarism and patriarchal capitalism, not to mention state socialism.
cyborgs are a by-product of the tech corporate industry that is dominated by males, yet the cyborgs do not need a males help from that point -- which i assume is the ironic part of this
It is also an effort to contribute to socialist-feminist culture and theory in a postmodemist, non-naturalist mode and in the utopian tradition of imagining a world without gender, which is perhaps a world without genesis, but maybe also a world without end.
wants to bridge the social realities of cybernetic tradition in order to appeal to the non-gendered attitudes of the socialist-feminist culture.
ontology
the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being
chimeras
mixture of different genetic tissues to form a new type of being
I am making an argument for the cyborg as a fiction mapping our social and bodily reality and as an imaginative resource suggesting some very fruitful couplings.
While our understanding of what a cyborg is can be mainly found through fiction, our reality is mainly just pseudo-cyborg products that influence our way of life
IRONIC
how is it ironic?
These eventsinclude the restructuring of capitalism with its emphasis on deregulationand liberalization; the failed restructuring of statism unable to adapt itselfto informationalism; the inuence of libertarian ideology arising from thecountercultural social movements of the 1960s; and the development of anew media system, enclosing cultural expressions in a global/local, inter-active hypertext.
All contributions to the process of democratizing the system.
The state in the information age is anetwork state, a state made out of a complex web of power-sharing, andnegotiated decision-making between international, multinational, national,regional, local, and non-governmental, political institutions
Due to new information technologies, it allows the state to become decentralized in order to function in the ever-growing globalized world.
. On the other hand, its legitimacy is undermined by thepolitics of scandal and its dependence on media politics
cough cough Trump!!!!!!
Politics becomes a horse race, and a tragicomedy motivated bygreed, backstage manoeuvres, betrayals, and, often, sex and violence –agenre increasingly indistinguishable from TV scripts.
While computer-driven technologies intensify it to a certain decree, that shit has been happening with older forms of media as well.
hile there is oligopolistic concen-tration of multimedia groups, there is, at the same time, marketsegmentation, and the rise of an interactive audience, superseding the uni-formity of the mass audience.
With the advent of an abundance of diverse forms of media, we are able to see this integrated, global audience to meet the privatized corporations profit margin.
last 20 years a dra-matic surge of inequality, social polarization, and social exclusion in theworld at large, and in most countries, particularly, among advancedsocieties, in the USA and in the UK
The ability to have access to these certain tech devices in self programmable labor and generic labor to assist or take over with tasks, then we is cause this large social disparity for people that are able to attain such devices.
oncecapitalism comes under decisive challenge and/or plunges into a structuralcrisis derived from its internal contradictions
The system could essentially wreck itself.
This isnot a network of enterprises. It is a network made from either rms orsegments of rms, and/or from internal segmentation of rms.
The larger firms are segmented into smaller firms and cause this decentralization of work productivity.
Most jobs arein fact not global, but all economies are under the inuence of the move-ments of their globalized core.
Utilize computer driven tech helps in this globalized interrelate, specialization of labor.
First, it is informational, that is, the capacity of generating knowledge andprocessing/managing information determine the productivity and com-petitiveness of all kinds of economic units, be they rms, regions, or coun-tries.
Our ability to access knowledge at more instantaneous rate plays a role in the economic factor to increase productivity more so than the industrial age prior.
Questions such as this can and do fill diary writers with anxietiesand often enough lead to discontinuation of diaries.
You could super enveloped in your mind.
‘chapter’ derives from the Latin caput, meaning head(as of the human body
good to know
s account-keeping.
Which is why computers were invented.
While it is true that these were all at root regional and/or classdialects, their status as chirographically controlled nationallanguages has made them different kinds ofdialects or languagefrom those which are not written on a large scale.
Popular dialects later become national languages, as seen with many regions in Western Europe.
By separating the knower from the known (Havelock 1963),writing makes possible increasingly articulate introspectivity,opening the psyche as never before not only to the externalobjective world quite distinct from itself but also to the interiorself against whom the objective world is set.
Thanks for reiterating this so many different ways. I get it, when we read and write, we are reacting in our own individual way to the complicated world that is life. Which is somehow objective.
People had tobe persuaded that writing improved the old oral methodssufficiently to warrant all the expense and troublesome techniquesit involved.
That is the same with the rise of computers over record keeping. Yeah it is convenient, but is it better?
The Nigerian novelist ChinuaAchebe describes how in an Ibo village the one man who knewhow to read hoarded in his house every bit of printed material thatcame his way—newspapers, cartons, receipts (Achebe 1961, pp.120–1). It all seemed too remarkable to throw away.
That is actually quite touching.
Chinesecharacter writing, like many other writing systems, is intrinsicallyélitist: to master it thoroughly requires protracted leisure.
Is that why so many Asians are good at math? Bc their system is inherently elitist to where math is much easier to confound.
It is perhaps also theleast aesthetic of all major writing systems: it can be beautifullydesigned, but never so exquisitely as Chinese characters
The way letters are combined is not altogether amazing looking, but rather basic. Yet, we are able to form words and ideas that connote pure beauty, whereas Chinese characters themselves look beautiful.
he completelyphonetic alphabet favors left-hemisphere activity in the brain, andthus on neurophysiological grounds fosters abstract, analyticthought.
Legit using letters in the alphabet in certain structured forms makes for more brain activity. Suck it Socrates.
The Greek alphabet wasdemocratizing in the sense that it was easy for everyone to learn.
By making it simple, it allowed for more literacy and the ability toward more abstract thoughts and ideas. No wonder the Greeks were top dawgs back in the day.
o becomesignificantly learned in the Chinese writing system normally takessome twenty years. Such a script is basically time-consuming andélitist.
I have seen those characters and the way they are drawn -- it makes sense.
All pictographic systems, even with ideographs and rebuses,require a dismaying number of symbols
Thus, the meaning of these symbols can be confusing, especially in context.
The tightest control of all is achieved by thealphabet, although even this is never quite perfect in all instances.
Believe me, it is not and that is why translations of words into different languages can be so difficult.
either in words or in a totalhuman context, humanly understood.) A script in the sense of truewriting, as understood here, does not consist of mere pictures, ofrepresentations of things, but is a representation of an utterance,of words that someone says or is imagined to say
That is why some of the best writers are also very keen observers at life. They analyze how certain people talk in specific settings/environments to perfectly illustrate the scene they want their reader to imagine. Some of the best writing comes from pieces that are completely devoid of pure observance, which gets into satire and stuff, but it does not hurt.
properly interiorized, doesnot degrade human life but on the contrary enhances it.
If used correctly, technology like writing and digital usage can be completely helpful.
This writing providesfor consciousness as nothing else does.
That is why I am a writer, because there is no better way to express yourself.
Writing heightens consciousness
We are able to be more aware by articulating our thoughts onto a paper, which is essentially what Plato did, but he did not want the consequences that can arise from such a thing.
Grammar rules live in the unconscious in the sense that you canknow how to use the rules and even how to set up new ruleswithout being able to state what they are.
That is why grammar and syntax are so stupid, yet at the same time helpful. The fact that we create imaginary constructs that society most obey is dumb, but at the same time essential.
The paradox lies in the fact that the deadness of thetext, its removal from the living human lifeworld, its rigid visualfixity, assures its endurance and its potential for being resurrectedinto limitless living contexts by a potentially infinite number ofliving readers
You are able to be submerged in these novel realms the writer tries to illustrate and express vividly, yet once they are dead, they are not able to debate its "true" meaning. Thus, interpretations of text are very much associated with death bc the text outlives the writer and is able to endure. Much like Shakespeare, we are enveloped in his language, plots, and characters that they somehow do become monument, especially since he has been dead for so long.
A text stating what the whole world knows is falsewill state falsehood forever, so long as the text exists. Texts areinherently contumacious
That is why writing is awesome. You either take it in fully in, or you disagree with. You can be in the middle as well, just like this guy feels what he is writing is observational, may seem superficial to someone else. Writing allows us to actually form opinions.
Drum technology was providing storage at a lower cost per bit, butits speed was two orders of magnitude slower, closer to the speeds of theCard-Programmed Calculator (
Drums were economical due to low initial resource costs, yet its connection speeds were a drawback and forced high manufacturing of other techniques to outweigh that.
The UNIVAC and the IBM 701 inaugurated the era of commercialstored-program computing. Each had its drawbacks, but overall they metthe expectations of the customers who ordered them.
Which were a modest amount of federal agencies and private sectot businesses.
Whether to code each decimal digit in binary or operate entirely in thebinary system internally remained an unsettled question.
Returns back to Claude's theory in regards to PPM or PCM.
Thenineteen installations were enough to prevent UNIVAC from completelytaking over the market and to begin IBM’s transition to a company thatdesigned and built large-scale electronic digital computers.
This starts the privatization of industries to compete for profit in a capitalist society, much like we see with the onslaught of network carriers and cellphone companies, like Apple and Android.
Eventually, however, customers applied the 701 to the same kinds of jobsthe UNIVAC was doing: logistics for a military agency,financial reports,actuarial reports, payrolls (for North American Aviation), and evenpredicting the results of a presidential election for network television.(In 1956, the 701 correctly predicted Eisenhower’s reelection.)
Bc of IBM's history with warfare technology during WW2, the government was much more willing to work with them and their 701 for even more shady activities, such as predicting an election or crypt-analysis.
True to that perception, nearly all of the 19 modelsinstalled were to U.S. Defense Department or military aerospacefirms.76Initial rental fees were $15,000 a month
Holy fuck that is so expensive. There are a lot of other costs associated with computers still today, but this is fucking insane.
Although automating those four tasks could have been donewith a smaller computer, GE chose a UNIVAC in anticipation of the daywhen more sophisticated work would be done. These tasks would involvelong-range planning, market forecasting based on demographic data,revamping production processes to reduce inventories and shippingdelays, and similar jobs requiring a more ambitious use of corporateinformation.
GE justified the purchase of the UNIVAC to show its promise on the business side, but assure its stockholders that they totally decimating jobs just yet. But eventually, General Electric would somewhat be doing that. To be honest, GE seems to do a consortium of various dealings and products that they seem like sus cats.
‘the push-button age isalready obsolete; the buttons now push themselves
This statement perfectly epitomizes the shift in labor as the computer thinks for itself, which can be scary for its implications of a completely automatic society.
he UNIVAC was thefirst step intoan age of‘‘automation,’
The UNIVAC was a game changer for industries as a whole and that Harvard prick was naive as fuck to assume it would not be hailed by the masses, which is why the government had to see it for themselves. Then, it would be able to become much more widespread.
he word‘‘UNIVAC’’was synonymous with computer, as‘‘Thermos’’was for vacuum bottles. That ended when IBM took thelead in the business
Eisenhower was a milestone not only for media, but apparently the introduction of computers via the media, which would make sense why these two devices are now inherently synonymous. Politics, technology, and media of them all coalesce at some point -- just look at Twitter.
UNIVAC 2, installed at the Pentagon for the Air Comptroller, wasintended for use in Project SCOOP
Upgrade to UNIVAC 1 in that its role also changed, being utilized in private businesses to federal agencies in order to gain intel on global air bases.
Itwas the use of tape in place of punched cards.
The integration of a mercury strip of tape allowed for a major shift industrially, but also job -wise since punch-carding had been an employable position .
Many design features that later became commonplacefirst appearedin the UNIVAC: among them were alphanumeric as well as numericprocessing, an extensive use of extra bits for checking, magnetic tapesfor bulk memory, and circuits called‘‘buffers’’that allowed high-speedtransfers between the fast delay line and slow tape storage units
Internal hardware of the computer that I just do not care about to be frank.
Grace Murray Hopper and colleagues seated at a UNIVAC console, ca. 1960.Reels of UNIVAC tape are visible on both sides of the control panel. (
The fact that a black dude is sitting near one of the first computers shows how he is a smart ass GOAT.
The Information Age had dawned.
Selling computers with UNIVAC made these key industries shift from manual filing, to automated systems online.
Census alsohelped make electronic computing’s transition from the university tothe private sector
That is actually pretty weird that the US Census Bureau fledged the path for private sector computers, but it makes sense because then the Bureau gets more information about people in general.
The UNIVAC’s logical structure meant that it could dothose things and more. That knowledge drove them and their companythrough the late 1940s to enter the commercial area, with whateventually became the UNIVAC.
EDVAC is replaced by UNIVAC, as the Eckert-Mauchly division is set on making it work as a highly-functional data processor.
Von Neumann’sinternational reputation as a mathematician also gave the idea moreclout than it might have had coming solely from Eckert and Mauchly,neither of whom were well-known outside the Moore School. Althoughthe term‘‘von Neumann Architecture’’is too entrenched to besupplanted
Damn they really used clout to show that Eckert and Mauchly's low standing as tech dweebs would allow von Neumann's name to gain more traction for computers as a whole.
thedisclosure did not articulate the design concepts that later wouldbecome known as the stored-program principle.3
The use of a metallic disk would challenge the punch card system all together in order to stored all on one memory device -- hence, the stored program principle.
is often cited as the founding document of modern computing.26
That is pretty dope.
The 604 and its successor, the IBM 605,became the mainstays of scientific computing at many installations untilreliable commercial computers became available in the mid 1950s. It wasone of IBM’s most successful products during that era: over 5,000 werebuilt between 1948 and 1958.
That is pretty major for early modern computing, yet most of these machines were designed for educational or official government purposes.
wo years later IBMreplaced it with the 604, which not only used tubes but also incorporatedthe sequencing capability pioneered by the Aberdeen machines.
Integrated two ideas into one systematic machine.
He installed this switch between themultiplier, tabulator, and summary punch. Its function was to allow shortsequences of operations (up to 12) to be performed on a single cardbefore the next card was read.10
Make for functionality on one card allowed for a progression toward simplifying their problems for the better, with punch card systems later leading toward computers.
More relevant is the‘‘architecture’’of the entire room—including thepeople in it—that comprised a punched-card installation, since it wasthat room, not the individual machines, that the electronic computereventually replaced.
Used the punch card system as their way to develop UNIVAC
ts purpose was tocalculatefiring tables for the U.S. Army,
There was government support for these automatic devices, as it was utilized to benefit many federal agencies during the climax of war, yet still not thought of as commercial after the guns silenced.
MIT’s Project
MIT is always doing some crazy shit
similar to a cyclotron
Invented by Ernest O. Lawrence, in 1934, cyclotron is a kind of particle accelerator (a machine which uses electromagnetic fields for propagation of charged particles to approx light speed and contain them in a well-defined beam) in which the charged particles get accelerated in an outward direction from the centre, following a spiral path
Eckert andMauchly’s computer, the UNIVAC, was a technical masterpiece but waseclipsed in the market by computers made by Remington-Rand’scompetitor, IBM. So one could say that they were indeed foolish intheir underestimation of the difficulties of commercializing their inven-tion. What was not foolish was their vision, not only of how to design andbuild a computer but also of how a society might benefit from largenumbers of them
This was revolutionary, given the fact that the UNIVAC was later commercialized by IBM and many other technical corps that would undermine Harvard scholarly presumptions along with other federal agencies.
each computer would figure out which cable to send it down next so that it would get to its destination. That's what the Internet does. It delivers packets - anywhere in the world, normally well under a second.
That makes it a lot more understandable with this analogy.
And in 1991 the World Wide Web was released to the public and, on a personal note, Richard T. Griffiths (famous for his phrase 'a user friendly interface is a secretary') got kicked into Word Perfect and was launched into cyber-space.
When everything became initially available, and thus the World Wide Web and Word came with most computers.
In 1987 the first subscription based commercial internet company, UUNET was founded.
This was the first instance where TCP/IP protocols were available to people via a private sector network company.
The effect of the creation of NSFNet was dramatic. In the first place it broke the capacity bottleneck in the system. Secondly, it encouraged a surge in Internet use. It had taken a decade for the number of computer hosts attached to 'the Net' to top the thousand mark. By 1986 the number of hosts had reached 5000 and a year later the figure had climbed to hosts 28,000. Thirdly, the exclusion of commercial users from the back-bone had had the (intended) consequence of encouraging the development of private Internet providers.
Just constant progression.
Finally, NSFNet agreed to provide the 'backbone' for the US Internet service, and provided five 'supercomputers' to service the envisaged traffic. The first computers provided a network capacity of 56,000 bytes per second but the capacity was upgraded in 1988 to 1,544,000,000 bytes per second.
In order for more connection networks to be installed, there needed to be a upgrade in network capacity, which was funded by federal agencies exclusively for research and educational purposes.
but the system is even cleverer because when we type in these addresses, the computer is sending/receiving a coded sequence of numbers as 132.229.XX.XX
In relation to Claude Shannon's Theory, the use of a URL is translated as coded numbers in order to reach its destination.
First, there were more computer 'hosts' linked to the net than had originally been envisaged (in 1984 the number of hosts topped 1000 for the first time) and, second, the volume of traffic per host was much larger (mainly because of the phenomenal success of e-mail). Increasingly predictions were voiced that the entire system would eventually grind to a halt.
The internet's growing accessibility to e-mail led to much higher traffic volume than initially anticipated, thus many were skeptical of its ability to sustain.
ARPANET is still the backbone to the entire system. When, in 1982 it finally adopts the TCP/IP the Internet is born... a connected set of networks using the TCP/IP standard.
Based on ARPANET's design, it later evolved to TCP/IP, whose packet switches later became commercially accessible with Unix, especially in IBM mainframe computers.
AT&T Bell laboratories
Fuck, I did not Bell Labs eventually became just AT&T.
n 1972, they successfully employed a new program to allow the sending of messages over the net, allowing direct person-to-person communication that we now refer to as e-mail.
Thanks ARPA, how would I be able to contact my TA if not for you.
When dealing with a 'simple' network like ARPANET it is difficult to see what the real advantage of this process was.
The model for the network btwn computers and IMPs seemed pretty basic, the complexity would soon grow.
The final requirement was to design a protocol to allow the computers to send and receive messages and data, known as an interface message processor (IMPs).
In regards to Shannon's Math Theory on Communication, the IMPs were basically the receivers that interpreted the signals. While only using 2 host computers, they would increasingly expand their WAN connectivity so more computers could join in on the action.
Santa Barbara
Represent!
For example, the system would not be reliant on a single routing and, if files were broken-up before transfer, it would be more difficult to eavesdrop... both useful security advantages. The inadequacy of the telephone network for running programs and transferring data was revealed in 1965 when, as an experiment, computers in Berkeley and MIT were linked over a low speed dial-up telephone-line to become the first "wide area network" (WAN) ever created.
Utilized running programs so that ARPA could contact its line at Berkeley, but also MIT to develop a wide-area network, in an effort to block the Russians out of their technological loop.
Although the advanced computing would come to dominate its work, the initial focus of ARPA's activities were on space, ballistic missiles and nuclear test monitoring.
That sounds very Cold War-ish.
ButifthechannelcapacityIislessthan)RQ[S:T,theentropyofthesourcefromwhichitacceptsmessages,thenitisimpossibletodevisecodeswhichreducetheerrorfrequencyaslowasonemayplease
Channel capacity cannot be less than the entropy of info, because then there is bound to be a disruption in the system.
Thatis,onecanmaximizetherateoftransmittingusefulinformationbyusingpropercoding(
Main takeaway, don't get a shitty transmitter or you'll be dealing with that dumbass equation above to see if you both understood what the message being transmitted was. Also, try and avoid noise at all costs.
theuncertaintyinthereceivedsignalsifthemessagessentbeknown,orthespuriouspartofthereceivedsignalinformationwhichisduetonoise.
It involves if a signal is known, the level of uncertainty is done on both sides for both transmitted waves
Fromthewaythisequivocationiscalculated,wecanseewhatitssignificanceis.Itmeasurestheaverageuncertaintyinthemessagewhenthesignalisknown.
This is the stupidest shit I have yet endured, literally using math for communication KMS
Uncertaintywhicharisesbyvirtueoffreedomofchoiceonthepartofthesenderisdesirableuncertainty.
If you say something you instantly regret over the phone, and noise allows there to be uncertainty on the receiving end, then that would be desirable uncertainty.
fnoiseisintroduced,thenthereceivedmessagecontainscertaindistortions,certainerrors,certainex-traneousmaterial,thatwouldcertainlyleadonetosaythatthereceivedmessageexhibits,becauseoftheeffectsofthenoise,anincreaseduncertainty.
Noise affects information, especially via channels as it disrupts the transmitter's role to send a signal to its intended destination.
Thebesttransmitter,infact,isthatwhichcodesthemessageinsuchawaythatthesignalhasjustthoseoptimumstatisticalcharacteristicswhicharebestsuitedtothechanneltobeused—whichinfactmaximizethesignal(oronemaysay,thechannel)entropyandmakeitequaltothecapacityIofthechannel.
thanks verizon
asequenceofnumbers;thesenumbersthenbeingsentoverthechannelasthesignal.
use some form of code or number system so the channel can try and produce the transmitted signal.
thecapacityofIofthechannelisdefinedtobeHJEbitspersecond
this is the formula C (Capacity for channel) = n (# of symbols) * s (bits/sec)
Thereismore“information”ifyouselectfreelyoutofasetoffiftystandardmessages,thanifyouselectfreelyoutofasetoftwenty-five.
OPTIONS!!!!
Thissortofconsiderationleadsatoncetothenecessityofcharacterizingthestatisticalnatureofthewholeensembleofmessageswhichagivenkindofsourcecanandwillproduce.Andinformation,asusedincommunicationtheory,doesjustthis.
Because machines can only perform a finite number of tasks, we are reduced to a set of options logarithmically that allows the information to be disseminated to its intended source.
arereallycontrolledbythestatisticalstructureofthelanguage.
Half of our response is governed by self-intuition, the other half by English conventions.
Thatinforma-tionbemeasuredbyentropyis,afterall,naturalwhenwerememberthatinformation,incommunicationtheory,isassociatedwiththeamountoffreedomofchoicewehaveinconstructingmessages.Thusforacommunicationsourceonecansay,justashewouldalsosayitofathermodynamicensemble,
The second law of therm, or entropy, is used to justify the base of bits sent by the information for its destination to receive is based on a set of probabilities according to the Markoff chain.
Supposethattwopersonschoosesamplesindifferentways,andstudywhattrendstheirstatisticalpropertieswouldshowasthesamplesbecomelarger.Ifthesituationisergodic,thenthosetwopersons,howevertheymayhavechosentheirsamples,agreeintheirestimatesofthepropertiesofthewhole.Ergodicsystems,inotherwords,exhibitaparticularlysafeandcomfortingsortofstatisticalregularity.
Sounds hella complicated, but i feel like I somewhat understand.
“Constantinoplefishingnastypink.”
Unless you are faded, in which the effectiveness problems comes into play.
Forasthesuccessivesymbolsarechosen,thesechoicesare,atleastfromthepointofviewofthecommunicationsystem,governedbyprobabilities;andinfactbyprobabilitieswhicharenotindependent,butwhich,atanystageoftheprocess,dependupontheprecedingchoices.
Based on what the information source transmits to the receiver and ultimately to its destined source, the receiver has only a certain amount of options to respond with and inherently hold a predicability value to them. Unless, they are able to throw everyone off w/o respecting the logs bro
Theremarksthusfarrelatetoartificiallysimplesituationswheretheinformationsourceisfreetochooseonlybetweenseveraldefinitemessages—likeamanpickingoutoneofasetofstandardbirthdaygreetingtelegrams.
This sounds like a PreCalc word problem.
Forthreerelaysarecapableofrespondingtoor8choices,whichsymbolicallymightbewrittenas000,001,011,010,100,110,101,111,inthefirstofwhichallthreerelaysareopen,andinthelastofwhichallthreerelaysareclosed.Andthelogarithmtothebase2ofis3,sothatthelogarithmicmeasureassignsthreeunitsofinformationtothis
This is a good example to further grasp this concept.
Itdoubtlessseemsqueer,whenonefirstmeetsit,thatinformationisdefinedasthelogarithmofthenumberofchoices.
Your ability to select your bits corresponds with the logarithmic base that is presented, and thus being confined to a certain number of responses.
Theconceptofinformationappliesnottotheindividualmessages(astheconceptofmeaningwould),butrathertothesituationasawhole,theunitinformationindicatingthatinthissituationonehasanamountoffreedomofchoice,inselectingamessage,whichitisconvenient-toregardasastandardorunitamount.
The information is what you literally choose to provide to the receiver thru signals as it provides them with the ability to respond in a certain way, especially regarding its connotation and ultimately its meaning. It is also based on the options that are presented to you through 'bits.'
Butthisdoesnotmeanthattheengineeringaspectsarenecessarilyirrelevanttothesemanticaspects.
Like stated above, they are correlated in some fashions.
Theseunwantedadditionsmaybedistortionsofsound(intelephony,forexample)orstatic(inradio),ordistortionsinshapeorshadingofpicture(television),orerrorsintransmission(telegraphyorfacsimile),etc.Allofthesechangesinthetransmittedsignalarecallednoise
These unwanted inserts of noise that interfere with the signal are a part of the technical problem as a whole.
Thereceiverisasortofinversetransmitter,changingthetransmittedsignalbackintoamessage,andhandingthismessageontothedestination.WhenItalktoyou,mybrainistheinformationsource,yoursthedestination;myvocalsystemisthetransmitter,andyourearandtheassociatedeighthnerveisthereceiver
Claude Shannon's Model for communication in terms of a telephone conversation in the olden days.
artofthesignificanceofthenewtheorycomesfromthefactthatlevelsBandC,above,canmake,useonlyofthosesignalaccuracieswhichturnouttobepossiblewhenanalyzedatLevelA.
In order for Level B and C to even be attempted, you need Level A problem to work -- without it, you have no intended message. Thus, they are all interrelated, even though the latter two can still be misinterpreted even if the message is stated how the information source is what the sender wanted for its receiver.
Insomeconnectionsitmaybedesirabletouseastillbroaderdefinitionofcommunication,namely,onewhichwouldincludetheproceduresbymeansofwhichonemechanism(sayautomaticequipmenttotrackanairplaneandtocomputeitsprobablefuturepositions)affectsanothermechanism(sayaguidedmissilechasingthisairplane)
wants to be broad so he can make communication encompass the dissemination of various technologies to create a McLuhan-esque message.
Yet, in the application of science to the needs and desires of man, it would seem to be a singularly unfortunate stage at which to terminate the process, or to lose hope as to the outcome.
That is a bleak way of ending his article, as it is near impossible to stop the desires of man. This relates Mark Zuckerberg and his want for the world to be interconnected in a peaceful manner, but can cause unforeseeable outcomes, like the onslaught of fake news and a Russian interference with the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election.
It is a suggestive thought, but it hardly warrants prediction without losing touch with reality and immediateness.
Medium theory and the impacts it has on learning, association, dissemination of info, and instantaneity of resources that can hinder our hopes for progress.
Is it not possible that we may learn to introduce them without the present cumbersomeness of first transforming electrical vibrations to mechanical ones, which the human mechanism promptly transforms back to the electrical form?
This sounds like McLuhan when he asserts that the electric circuitry is an extension of the central nervous system. As we learn these mnemonic tools that we associate with to express our ideas digitally, it becomes much more fluid and natural.
Technical difficulties of all sorts have been ignored, certainly, but also ignored are means as yet unknown which may come any day to accelerate technical progress as violently as did the advent of the thermionic tube.
The advent of laptops, cellular phones to the progression of smart phones, and digital learning affects cognitive memory, but is ignored for the benefits that it reaps.
sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex
Envisioning the ability to annotate or repsond to a sent 'memex', or an e-mail.
When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard. Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions.
The ability to use an open annotation format is pretty remarkable, because i do not know anyone that actually does this to be honest. However, I do realize what he was saying with the two side-by-side documents, as Bush is alluding to the ability to use tabs to be able to go back and forth after an item is searched or brought up. This is very much essential to a computer's functionality.
It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex.
Does he mean a search engine?
A special button transfers him immediately to the first page of the index.
Bruh, a home button this fool is wilding.
Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.
These type of computers are similar to the archaic ones seen in libraries, yet the use of flipping a page or a 'return button' is stated here
It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.
This dude is wild, he got it right so far ahead of time.
It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility.
With this, it seems just like phone data, but can thought of as the cloud, which collects all of ones data into one server. This is also similar to the rise of smart speakers, as their voice activation by requests allows almost instantaneous selection of information of resources. Or can simply just be referring to the Internet as a whole, where you can just google search anything and have your history saved. Thanks Alexa and Google!
The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.
This reminds me of the Creative Media Lab at MIT, as many of their inventions came prior to many recognizable computer functions, like GPS and a proto-type to Google Earth, but they did not patent nor have enough capital to sell the product. They just made it.
truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.
Technology is constantly changing and what seemed new this week is already considered old news. Thus, critical info and conclusions can be overlooked if not handled correctly, especially if it can make an impact in understanding the global community -- like Mendel's concept on genetics.
Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.
People do not want interdisciplinary studies, they want these scientists and physicists to learn specific things in order to make something interdisciplinary.
Now, for many, this appears to be approaching an end. What are the scientists to do next?
After formulating nuclear weaponry is used for the justification of winning World War II, many of the remaining scientists are left wondering how they should apply their knowledge on warfare technology.
The destination is the person (or thing) for whom the message is intended.
The destination is where the message goes to and its interpretation of the information source's signal.
rnachines
hahaha spelled machines wrong
The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation of that done by the transmitter, reconstructing the message from the signal.
Basically interprets the signals into its intended message, through its inverse log function.
The channel is merely the medium used to transmit the signal from transmitter to receiver.
This makes sense in regards to television channels, as they use coax cables and wires when airing their program so viewers can see it, especially live-shows like SNL.
Although this definition must be generalized considerably when we consider the influence of the statistics of the message and when we have a continuous range of messages, we will in all cases use an essentially logarithmic measure.
Thus, it is the Mathematical Theory of Communication as it uses log functions for being able to select from these set of possible responses.
messages.
I keep thinking of text messages, but the 1948 date of this scholarly publication means that is meant to be used for various tasks involving 'messages' -- such as a telegram or a computer.
selected from a set
Shannon is saying that you are able to relay your message if it works with the format, or set.
These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem.
The actual text or "message" is not relevant to how these texts are actually transmitted from one source to another.
The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point
The issue with communication seems to be creating a message and successfully making it to its intended destination.
These, together with the billions of othertrajectories that accompany them, will furnish agreat cache of bones from which to reconstructthe skeleton of a new science.
By analyzing these innumerable texts, we might be able to find a science that decodes the cultural and societal perceptions to gain a better understanding of the past. Since it is hard for us to forget the past, we might as well look upright on the future.
but“Freud”is moredeeply ingrained in our collective subconscious
yeah, because tried to delve into our subconscious by thinking sons wanted to fuck their moms you Austrian weirdo
his population is highlyenriched in documented victims of repression,such as Pablo Picasso (s= 0.12), the Bauhausarchitect Walter Gropius (s= 0.16), and HermannMaas (s< 0.01), an influential Protestant ministerwhohelpedmanyJewsflee(7).
That is highkey brave as fuck that they documented their disdain for the Nazi Regime during their plight.
The writers became fa-mous about a decade after the actors, but rose forlonger and to a much higher peak (8 × 10−7)
Hopefully that happens to me fuck. It just goes to show that if you write like a beast like Virginia Woolf, then you are more likely to remembered as the GOAT.
Thus, people are getting morefamous than ever before but are being forgottenmore rapidly than ever.
Yes YouTubers. Get the fuck outta here!
As a result, the most famous people alivetoday are more famous—in books—than theirpredecessors. Yet this fame is increasingly short-lived: The post-peak half-life dropped from 120to 71 years during the 19th century.
The timespan of celebrities being considered 'famous' has decreased as most people seem to be more important in books -- such as Virginia Woolf. Hopefully that happens with people like the Kardashian family.
The age of peak celebrity has been con-sistent over time: about 75 years after birth
Damn. That is usually the age when people die.
In the future, everyone will be famous for7.5 minutes”–Whatshisname
I'm pretty sure it was Andy Warhol, but it could have been less time with him. Wait, that proves their point ahhh.
We forget faster.
This is purely a representation of the mind.
But there have been changes. The amplitudeof the plots is rising every year: Precise dates areincreasingly common.
Lack of recording or remembering important dates seems to be prevalent in the past. Just like peoples birthdays, some did not even know their own birthday, but we have made it much more of a deal in our current society, with reminders and near-universal obligated celebrations.
America is the world’s leading exporter of bothregular and irregular verbs.
Our regional specific dialects are what allow these irregular and regular verbs to be big in the U.S.
Both were irregular in Middle English,were mostly regular by 1800, and subsequentlybacktracked and are irregular again today.
That is funny!
Using this technique, we estimated the num-ber of words in the English lexicon as 544,000 in1900, 597,000 in 1950, and 1,022,000 in 2000.The lexicon is enjoying a period of enormousgrowth: The addition of ~8500 words/year hasincreased the size of the language by over 70%during the past 50 years (Fig. 2A).
AYYYY we out here developing new words to the English lexicon and shiiiiiit. Just like these fuckers made up "culturomics"
Not only must lexicographers avoid addingwords that have fallen out of fashion, they mustalso weed obsolete words from earlier editions.This is an imperfect process.
So words that were used in certain time periods, were later replaced by more updated terms that either meant the same thing, or was just completely considered irrelevant. We stand by the word buckyball!
“darkmatter”undocumented in standard references
WTF does that mean?
Not all common 1-grams are English words.Many fell into three nonword categories: (i) 1-gramswith nonalphabetic characters (“l8r”,“3.14159”),(ii) misspellings (“becuase”,“abberation”), and(iii) foreign words (“sensitivo”).
At least they are honest about their discrepancy. Sike, they should be it's the research goal.
For instance, in 1861, the 1-gram“slavery”appeared in the corpus 21,460 times, on 11,687
Makes sense, that was right during the onslaught of the Civil War.
he corpus cannot be read by a human. If youtried to read only English-language entries fromthe year 2000 alone, at the reasonable pace of 200words/min, without interruptions for food or sleep,it would take 80 years.
Bet! Nah but that's pretty insane on the increase though.
We survey the vast terrain of‘culturomics,’focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between1800 and 2000. W
These collective authors/ researchers used English, digitized texts containing 4% of millions of books ever printed to gain insight on linguistic, biological, societal and cultural changes from 1800 to 2000. This was their stupid goal and they made up the term "culturomics" to justify their inquiry.
(Indeed, a 1996 study by Michael Wenger and David Payne found that hypertext did not impose a greater cognitive load on readers than linear text, a result that DeStefano and LeFevre note in passing.
What pool of students did these researchers get, were they students that had been raised on both reading and digital news content in the late 90s. Be more specific La Farge, don't just put this factoid in a parentheses and expect no criticism. This article is basically just a reiteration of Nicholas Carr's article (but with a stupid viewpoint added unnecessarily. )
It’s more like an interregnum, or the crouch before a leap.
This creative energy is being used usefully entertainment outlets, but can also be used in interactive digital methods that some novels you can only imagine. Yet, it is coming somewhat to benefit us in educational facets via digital literacy, which is La Farge's argument and at least it ended better than I had anticipated. Much like digital media is expecting to do in the future, yet there is no doubt we will see consequences with these impactful innovations. Thanks Marshall McLuhan!
And of course we have to be surprised, delighted, puzzled, even disturbed. We have to enjoy ourselves. If we can do that, digital reading will expand the already vast interior space of our humanity.
Might as well accept it and see where it takes us, hopefully not to HAL-9000
A new generation of digital writers is building on video games, incorporating their interactive features—and cognitive sparks—into novelistic narratives that embrace the capabilities of our screens and tablets
Red Dead Redemption is a great example of video game storytelling as a form of art. It submerges you in a culture that we are not accustomed to with a main character that has goals, desires, and needs and you must resonate with that in order to survive and beat the game. That is why Rockstar Games are amazing!
Proust and the Squid
Same example Carr uses. Smells fishy, or should I say, SQUIDY.
Maybe I’m just the kind of person who likes building situation models, but I don’t think I’m alone in this. If there were no pleasure in reading things that don’t make sense, who would read the Surrealists?
Yeah it's fun to read to absurd things, but where are you going with your argument?
this engagement led to increased understanding, the way puzzling over a difficult poem yields more than reading quickly through an easy one.
Hypertext can be a form of close reading, but it also depends if those same students are also the same ones that were going through loads of visual documents and deciphering which was of scholarly importance or not. This is similar to those same 18th century fuckers that received an abundance of various new authors other than the Bible and almanac. By being exposed to new material, it can improve comprehension, thus we have a portion of individuals that were able to gain more understanding with a lot more resources, which is plausibly correct..
The cognitive load imposed by hypertext doesn’t correspond in a straightforward way to the number of choices presented at a decision point, or to the total number of links in a hypertext.
In an essence, it all boils down the individual and if they are essentially good at multitasking and understanding, whereas the some may not -- like the people who initiated the study.
They concluded that this expectation was, generally speaking, correct, and Carr cited it in his 2011 book The Shallows, as evidence that the Internet is making us stupid.
By hurling this large influx of new info at digital readers, we are definitely less likely to remember what we just read, thereby making us stupid because we are not gaining as much knowledge as we would with a novel.
Students asked to read a text on-screen thought they could do it faster than students asked to read the same text in print, and did a worse job of pacing themselves in a timed study period. Not surprisingly, the on-screen readers then scored worse on a reading comprehension test.
Just like this online reading, I am reading for key concepts and main takeaways and if I were to be quizzed on it, i would most likely do bad --> pray for me for my midterm
“fast and shallow reading of short texts such as news, e-mails, and forum notes.”
skimming
the quantity of information available to the wired reader poses a different and more serious problem.
exposure to several outlets of news media outlets allows for a more informed opinion, yet it can also cause discrepancies based on what you're looking at -- aka Facebook fake news articles. This also similar to the Gutenberg causing variations in prominent books, such as the bible
we have been wandering off all along. When we read, the eye does not progress steadily along the line of text; it alternates between saccades—little jumps—and brief stops, not unlike the movement of the mouse’s cursor across a screen of hypertext.
we have been using breaks in our organization of texts, thus allowing the reader to deviate from the work and think -- similar to reading online.
In Carr’s view, the “endless, mesmerizing buzz” of the Internet imperils our very being: “One of the greatest dangers we face,” he writes, “as we automate the work of our minds, as we cede control over the flow of our thoughts and memories to a powerful electronic system, is ... a slow erosion of our humanness and our humanity.
In Carr's article, "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" it draws on 2001: A Space Odyssey HAL-9000 to foresee our automated society damaged by the mass digitalization. This is significant bc it also references Plato's Phaedrus and how Socrates poses the discussion on writing as the new media to disrupt the functionality of one's memory. However, this article seems to dismiss this, while still bringing up the counter in this moment. Thus, will automation through the Internet make our society distant through previous culture, like writing and rendering it obsolete? Or, will the onslaught of digital devices work to our favor, much like writing did with close and critical reading?
Thus,withautomation,for example,the newpatternsof humanassociationtendtoeliminate jobsitistrue.
The automation of mediums allow for a need to process info at a vary fast rate that our brain cannot fully memorize as with the oral cultures of the past.