The court heldthat an ordinary negligence standard did not apply in this sit-uation.18 The court held that “[t]o successfully plead a causeof action for failing to adequately enforce the rules in anorganized full-contact sport, plaintiff must allege that thedefendant acted with intent to cause the injury or that thedefendant engaged in conduct ‘totally outside the range ofthe ordinary activity’ involved with coaching or officiating thesport.”

Immunities are also available in civil rights cases. InLivingston v DeSoto Independent School District et al,23 a highschool student became seriously ill after running on an out-door track as part of training activities for the girls’ basketballprogram. The coach took her to the school’s athletic trainingroom and the head athletic trainer diagnosed her with heat-stroke. She was taken to the hospital and died.

From state to state, however, Good Samaritan lawsvary greatly, both as to the categories of people the stat-utes protect, and as to the circumstances in which they apply.

Good Samaritan statutes only apply in certain circumstances.Most states provide immunity for acts or omissions of per-sons who render care only when that care is provided (1) inan emergency7,33,38 ; (2) at the scene of the emergency39 ; and (3)without compensation.

An example of the legislature modifying or trumping the com-mon law is the enactment of statutes that limit the liabilityof state employees, such as coaches and medical personnelemployed by state schools. The immunities available to stateemployees will depend on the nature of the conduct at issueand whether willful and wanton conduct was involved. Forinstance, intentional acts such as assault and battery will notbe immunized from suit.

To be familiar with features of concussion2. To evaluate player who appeared to have suffered headinjury for symptoms of concussion3. To repeat evaluation at intervals before player would bepermitted to reenter game

The standard ofcare is defined by common law principles and may be furtherdefined by state and federal statutes, publications from orga-nized governing bodies, as well as directives or recommen-dations published by state athletic associations, student hand-books, and memorandum and e-mails generated by schoolofficials, administrators, and athletic directors, among others.