My Dad and I used to do this with our hot pepper garden to create new variants. I never knew about a term for it.

How often do annual flu vaccines "get it wrong." In other words, how often are results from a vaccine less than hoped for/less than what is considered acceptable? How much do vaccines increase the rate that viruses evolve at?

I wonder how extreme adaptations, like wings in bats and flying squirrels, happen. Evolution has to happen gradually, and in order for natural selection to take effect, whatever in-between stage of wing that existed would have had to increase chances of survival or reproduction. When the wings were just starting to develop and could not yet support flight, what did they offer in terms of survival that allowed the genes to be passed down and amplified. The same can go for other adaptations, like venom in snakes.

The discrediting of early evolutionary theory and the rejection of evolutionary ideas as a whole shows just how dogmatic science could be in this time period. As mentioned earlier with James Hutton, despite many people - as early as Ancient Greece in this case - supporting evolutionary ideas, they were repeatedly shot down. This is despite all of the evidence that supports evolution which one can find through simple observation.