Never conversed with a native of Russia

Residing in Paris during the spring and part of the summer of 18__, I therebecame acquainted with a Monsieur C. Auguste Dupin

Considered the first detective story, this work made Poe the only American toever invent a form of literature

As the night deepened, so deepened to me the interest of the scene; for not only did thegeneral character of the crowd materially alter (its gentler features retiring in the gradual withdrawalof the more orderly portion of the people, and its harsher ones coming out into bolder relief, as thelate hour brought forth every species of infamy from its den,) but the rays of the gas-lamps, feebleat first in their struggle with the dying day, had now at length gained ascendancy, and threw overevery thing a fitful and garish lustre. All was dark yet splendid—as that ebony to which has beenlikened the style of Tertullian.

There were many individuals of dashing appearance, whom I easily understood as belongingto the race of swell pick-pockets with which all great cities are infested. I watched these gentry withmuch inquisitiveness, and found it difficult to imagine how they should ever be mistaken forgentlemen by gentlemen themselves. Their voluminousness of wristband, with an air of excessivefrankness, should betray them at once. The gamblers, of whom I descried not a few, were still more easily recognisable.

London. For some months I had been ill in health, but was nowconvalescent, and, with returning strength, found myself in one of those happy moods which are soprecisely the converse of ennui—moods of the keenest appetency, when the film from the mentalvision departs

Too much is expected of city parks. Far from transforming any essential quality in their surroundings, far from automatically up-lifting their neighborhoods, neighborhood parks themselves are directly and drastically affected by the way the neighborhood acts upon them.

arks are not automatically anything, and least of all are these volatile elements stabilizers of values or of their neighborhoods and districts. Philadelphia affords almost a controlled experiment on this point. When Penn laid out the city, he placed at its center the square now occupied by City Hall, and at equal distances from this center he placed four residential squares. What has become of these four, all the same age, the same size, the same original use, and as nearly the same in presumed advantages of location as they could be made? Their fates are wildly different.

Mr. Moses conceded that some new housing might be 'ugly, regi-mented, institutional, identical, conformed, faceless.' But he suggested that such housing could be surrounded with parks

Law? What do I care for law? Hain't I got the power?" and J. P. Morgan's "I owe the public nothing."

Before the eyes of America a bright new world of mass leisure was unfolding.

he population of New York City had increased from 4,766,883 to 5,62o,o48 between 1910 and 1920, and now, in the Twenties, the rate of increase was accelerating, and most of it was occurring outside Manhattan.

Language withdraws from man its simple and high speech. But its primal call does not thereby become incapable of speech; it merely falls silent. . Man, thougJi., fails to heed this silence. But if we listen to what language says in the word bauen we hear three things: 1. Building is really dwelling. 2. Dwelling is the manner in which mortals are on the earth. 3. Building as dwelling unfolds into the building that cultivates growing things and the building that erects buildings.

Man acts as though he were the shaper and master of language, while in fact language remains the master of man. Perhaps it is before all else man's sub-version of this relation of dominance that drives his essential being into alienation.

residential buildings do indeed provide lodgings; today's houses may even be well planned, easy to keep, attractively cheap, open to air, light, and sun, but-do the houses in themselves hold any guarantee that dwelling occurs in them?

es are fragmentary and inward-turning histories, pa.sts that others are not allowed to read, accumulated times that can be unf led but lik7 stones eld in reserve, remaining in an enigmatic state, symbolizations encysted in the pain or pleasure of the body. "I feel good here":50 the well-being under-expressed in the language it appears in like a fleeting glimmer is a spatial practice.

it is a spatial acting-out of th place (just as the speech act is an acoustic acting-out of language); a~ . . It 1mphes relations am on d1tterentiated ositions that is among~ matic "contracts" in the form of movements (just as verbal enunciatiogn is an "allocution," "posits another opposite" the speaker and puts con. tracts between interlocutors into action). 14 It thus seems possible to give a preliminary definition of walking as a space of enunciation

Medieval or Renatssance pa~nters re~e city as seen in a persp~tive that no ey: had yet enJ_oyed.2 ~already made the medieval s ec-tator _mto a celesttal eye. lt created gods

an olfactory worldwould be one where odors are spatially disposed, not simplyone in which they appear in random succession or as inchoatemixtures. Can senses other than sight and touch provide aspatially organized world? It is possible to argue that taste,odor, and even hearing cannot in themselves give us a sense ofspace.

Experience thus implies theability to learn from what one has undergone.3 To experience isto learn; it means acting on the given and creating out of thegiven. The given cannot be known in itself. What can be knownis a reality that is a construct of experience, a creation of feelingand thought.

9Experiential PerspectiveExperience is directed to the external world. Seeing andthinking clearly reach out beyond the self. Feeling is moreambiguous. As Paul Ricoeur put it, "Feeling is ...withoutdoubt intentional: it is a feeling of 'something'—the lovable,the hateful, [for instance]. But it is a very strange intentionalitywhich on the one hand designates qualities felt on things, onpersons, on the world, and on the other hand manifests andreveals the way in which the self is inwardly affected." In feel-ing "an intention and an affection coincide in the same experi-ence.

How the human person, who isanimal, fantasist, and computer combined, experiences andunderstands the world is the central theme of this book

There arc:: other basic properties in a beautiful envi-ronment: meaning or expressiveness, sensuous delight, rhythm, stimulus, choice. Our concentration on imageability does not deny their importance. Our purpose is simply to consider the need for identity and structure in our perceptual world, and to illustrate the special relevance of this quality to the particular case of the complex, shifting urban environme

Although clarity or legibility is by no means the only impor-tant property of a beautiful city, it is of special importance when considering environments at the urban scale of size, time, and complexity. To understand this, we must consider not just the city as a thing in itself, but the city being perceived by its inhab-itants.

here is no final result, only a continuous succession of phases. No wonder, then, that the art of shaping cities for sensuous enjoyment is an art quite separate from architecture or music or literature

Every citizen has had long associations with some part of his city, and his image is soaked in memories and meanings

he "M-factor" that has shaped the American national character: movement, migration, mobility. He was, first of all, a wanderer, independent of any fixed social nexus of community, family, or permanent friends. His geographical mobility determined a second distinguishing characteristic: his up-ward social mobility.

vertical institutions could not contain the new complexity of national social life, new social organizations emerged that were formed along the horizontal lines of e~onomic class and social status-organizations such as medical societies, mechanics' institu-tions, benevolent fraternities, charitable assoqations, and political clubs. Membership in these new organizations ~snot hereditary or compulsory, but voluntary; the pattern of authority was not one of .,. mastery and deference, but one of equality.

Since the Revolution, Americans had • stressed that what made a republic great was the character and spirit of its people. The ultimate threat of the confidence man was thus his power to subvert the American republican experiment.

hlstrom,

New York was no mere city. It was instead an infinitely romantic notion, the mysteri-ous nexus of all love and money and power, the shining and perishable dream itself. To think of "living" there was to reduce the miraculous to the mundane; one does not "live" at Xanadu.

Nothing was irrevocable; everything was within reach. Just around every comer lay something curious and interest-ing, something I had never before seen or done or known

could taste th~ peach and feel the soft air blowing from a subway grating on my legs and I could smell lilac and garbage and expensive perfume and I knew that it would cost something sooner or later-because I did not belong there,