that earthly, mortal things are insignificant not just to the heavens, but also our soul

further embellishment of the almost fictional nature of his life -> phrases like miracle, fable and poetry

unaware of the physical senses of your body

presented as a logical deduction that due to recognized inevitability, thus every single degree of humankind and hierarchy has nothing else to do but hurry towards their destiny - no need to resist

so as to join and ascend to heaven

rather than stooping to the grave, final image of soaring and winged ascension is spiritual in its focus and much more hopeful as we are not transmuted to dust but to essential souls

only taking on assumed roles rather than true identity

to mingle and perform

switches focus to heaven as one's real faith and destiny as beauty and strength become insignificant - concept of a heritage being different from destiny (force that works upon you) versus an inheritance that belongs to you and will be received (birthright) where Heaven truly belongs to us while Earth was only a temporary player's stage

wanton, playful wit and vain futile art can do nothing against death himself because Hell's executioner has no ears: does not pay attention to frivolous, wanton intentions of vain art - even the wittiest of poets is sick and must die

all-encompassing force that cannot be defeated

in this stanza, two major forces of fate and earth - the earth is waiting to receive us

tolling for death of every mortal soul - calling

so many: countless

dual purpose of mortality and location of graves

welcoming, beseeching grave

feminine beauty and peak of masculine strength and courage - not just the grave but stooping - elevation and height is juxtaposed against this downward movement and submission - idea of defeat at old age and stooping until one bends ultimately into submission (reach the grave)

ignonymy: one becomes fodder for worms - mortality shared even by most glorious of human heroes

not just dead but utterly erased and obliterated - her eyes, which are the emblem of her glorious, feminine beauty, is gone

recent memory + classical history - ever-constant memory

jane seymour and catherine howard l england has recently seen their death

Helen is immortal in memory but beauty is only transient and temporary

double effect of rotting petals of a flowet

not any illness but rather gripped his entire population/community

in their nature

substance of a medicine - even physicians will fade

julius caesar : memento mori

no one acquires beauty, wealth or strength to escape death - rather, they are markers of human excellence, but even the best cannot escape death

more substantial weapon - arrowlike

means vigorous - joys in sense of living life to the fullest and feeling alive - unfortunately, death has shown its insignificance

pleasurable bobbles or trinkets, but only for fleeting moments - that everything he treasures on Earth previously 'i.e.bliss and joy as significant words' but rendered insignificant by rhyming with toys

talks about the world as a whole before talking about everyhting that is enjoyable in life - he is bidding farewell to the joyful things in life

realizes that everything he treasures is transient - death shows that everything he has enjoyed is light, trivial, and of a temporal nature

this is lugibrious memento mori, not tempus fugit or carpe diem (not asking anyone to seize anything or take advantage of an opportunity) - it is only beseeching the Lord to have mercy on an inevitable death

easily understandable declarative statements but one should demonstrate rigour to understand the choices the poet has made

same refrain for each part - what situation does this depict? Meditation of mortality or suffering of illness that makes his death imminent? Hence bidding farewell to the earth

more sombre in mood and very direct in its declarations - not bald statements to rephrease

poem is encapsulated here: hope and expectation of future but also realization of time running out

repeated refrain expresses realization of present self looming over him: that his life is over

Final image of time - even though he thought he had all the time in the world, his hourglass of sand is still full but has all run out

he has just realized his purpose and understood his creation, however he is now already dying

connectors are 'is but' and 'and yet', not a reversal, b ut rather joins together two simultaenous and opposing truths - Paradox of simulataneously mortal body and spiritual being - Earth and eternity

extremes of life and death and realm of success and final ends: Christian recognition as Tichborne thinks about his fate and God's intention

the mortal earth is where we will meet our end (ashes to ashes, dust to dust?)

on one hand, there is resignation and regret but there is also universal recognition that the earth will be a tomb for every man (memento mori)

The life one lives on temporal Earth is only a shade of eternity - Juxtaposition of extremes is particularly poignant as his death had been determined from his inception - extremely brief

very poetic declaration/musings and meditations to be shared - that Tichborne realizes death is present for everyone and the material earth is a constant reminder of the body's mortality

sense of resignation along with bitterness and regret that coloured earlier stanzas

realized that life is only a pale shadow: when searching for death, he realized it was present from the very beginning 0 might be talking about own life, that his own was only a shade of others and that his death was already predestined

he has not yet been recognized or made his glorious mark: regret for what might have been as he was unsuccessful and thus unable to be seen

his youth has gone away in the same way his life has gone away even though he is still young

spring and sprung - but don't focus so much on grammatical detail and ignore effect

that if the tree is gone, nothing can grow: idea of grotesque fruit that is rotten rather than sweet or fulfilling

potential of his life has fizzled out

connotations of tenderness/youth juxtaposed against his realization - second stanza centred around unfulfilled or wasted potential

has not reached its fullest length

certain

time that ran away before he could even notice it - adept use of grammatical markers

at this current moment, he is alive but he lives in the consciousness that his life is over and he is looking forward to an imminent, certain death

Everything that he thought he possessed + everything that he thought was good and going well in his life

repetition

cold: dead of the year

the toil of many months before only getting a harvest much later

metaphors in first stanza focus on hope of reward

his expectations/goals/achievements that he looked forward to have turned out to be something quite different

what does this achieve?

don't just look at opposition but also details: abundance of feast compared to individual detail

hopes to achieve something: rather than reaching the peak of greatness, he's now in the depths of gloom and desolation

the lover

love is all-consuming and therefore portrayed as a choice

unescapable

common idea of death as noble - as if the lover is gold

that he cannot stop thinking about her - the idea of the love as all-consuming

idea of love being haunting: as if it is a burden that he must carry

petrarchan conceit: elevated lover

idea of the cruel lover - petrarchan conceit

the lover is portrayed as a "lovely thief"

shift in use of tenses further underlines gap between lover's blissful fancy and the cruel reality he suffers

longing for bliss in imagined action of 'infinitive verbs' 'to kiss' or 'to touch': suffering is real and personal

plight of the suffering lover

five verbs associated with the exstacy of love

with pain

rhythm becomes faster - indicates excitement

repetition of the invitation

only possible in late spring (a limitation)

unrealistic

from nature but not cheap : not an actual shepherd speaking to his lover but instead a poet speaking from the position of the shepherd -> his impression of a simple life and romanticizing the pastoral life

soothing and lilting rhythm

describes the English landscape as verdant and green -> when English appropriated concept of innocent shepherd -> idea of pastoral landscape was different compared to the Greeks (causes dissonance)

A Greek god with satyr characteristics - god of the wild

Stands for the natural and erotic beauty of the landscape

idea of community and companionship -> a collective in devotion

praising Pan from morning to night -> about a simple, natural lifestyle where night and day are according to nature

idea of purity and freshness, innocence and nature - chaste as the young spring and removed from the temptations of civilization and debauchery

these are people who need to live in the wild - fulfils the idea of the good shepherd and their characterization

closest we get to innocence and nature as they spend all their time in the wild -> pastimes are innocent and natural

The people who take care of the sheep - shepherds: are likely to pray to Pan

simple sound of dancing footsteps -> love and reverential movement (not a capering, merry dance but instead simple and solemn) -> act of worship

Pan is a satyr and the father of all sheep -> keeping flocks from harm

religious song sung in admiration to the Christian god, but Pan is a Greek god -> the merging to the English culture (writer) and the classical inspiration

likening the city's entertainment and what they value to the countryside

varied line lengths increase musicality

classical greek music -> civilize after debauchery and celebration

personification of the nighttingale as a bird

abundance of everything

comparison to the entertainment that can be found in the city - storytelling and choirs

idea of nature in harmony

idea of birdsong

idealized but direct and simple life

happiness and satisfaction in the countryside -> an idea of contentment with direct and simple fulfilment

seeking only direct needs and nourishment

the countryside is beckoning to the court musician/he is beckoning his friends to follow him

the extension of an invitation

a character who is saying that this is the life hes been looking forward

enemies in the court and requiring ambition -> full of strife and unpleasant competition (treachery)

blood of life for nature -> starting to return

lifeblood pumping is a great synonym for sex drive ???? -> the increase of corruption and depravity

people can start going out in spring - lovely imagery of daffodils starting to bloom and women starting to appear -> joy and rejuvenation

amorous activity - sensual pleasure

what may be considered as a hedonistic lifestyle -> indulgence and vice

alcohol - one way that he derives joy

carry goods and merchandise -> sell to people who live on farms (countryfolk)

also in tune with the countryside and spends his days alone with nature

but the peddler is still mercenary and transactional in his occupation

concept: different version of pastoral writing -> entering the shared world and peopling it with different characters

songlike -> exclamatory

blooming -> suffused with joyous sounds, sights and scents of life

every single creature is happy -> shepherds, old wives, shepherds

men and women -> shepherds and maids old wives and young lovers -> age

the connection of art

first half of both lines are about the landscape and the setting, the second is a sort of response to joyful actions

as if everywhere there is something good happening

full of joy and celebration towards spring

personification of spring as a pleasant king and the idea of rebirth and regrowth as winter is considered a season of death

focuses on celebrating and having fun

internal rhyme leads to overall melodious quality

repetition at the end of each sentence: a refrain

birdsong

similar to the material wants of the city

madrigals: a type of folk song sung in multi-part harmonies

as if seeing a spectacle

Set in nature - dichotomy of nature and art

Concerns the countryside -> English tradition

The presence of shepherds in Pastoral tradition -> civilisation/cities are standing in opposition to this -> shepherds are seen to live an uncorrupted life (living with creatures instead of people) -> shepherds lifestyle (natural lifestyle) is easily romanticised and idealised in Pastoral writing

Pastoral to Greeks meant something different compared to the English landscape

Greek countryside -> wild and dry

Renaissance: Rebirth of classical art (Roman and Greek mythology) -> inheriting and propagating

conveys how her entire life is her family and her children

metaphor for her daughter

a mother's silent sacrifice

bitterness towards her daughter not needing her anymore

obvious jealousy of youth

desire to still be of help to her daughter/have some place and purpose in her life

n easement of support is a way of ensuring that whatever is required to maintain the support of a building is maintained (not removed or 'weakened')by the other party.

“land” means — (a) the surface of any defined parcel of the earth, so much of the subterranean space below and so much of the column of airspace above the surface whether or not held apart from the surface as is reasonably necessary for the proprietor’s use and enjoyment, and includes any estate or interest therein and all vegetation growing thereon and structures affixed thereto; or (b) any parcel of airspace or any subterranean space whether or not held apart from the surface of the earth and described with certainty by reference to a plan approved by the Chief Surveyor and filed with the Authority, and includes any estate or interest therein and all vegetation growing thereon and structures affixed thereto,

implies that people should expect something in return? people do so to feel good about themselves