acknowledge but does not accept

God did not condemn him or call him foolish -> not a rebuke or punishment but Childe suggests affection, tenderness, intimacy and acknowledging the kinship/bond

Sense of a child being simple-minded and ignorant

undramatic response -> very simple, direct and unostentatious

if one stops himself from serving his own need, they deserve the burden they get

if you do not act to serve your own interests

repetition of the opening line

suggestion that this is what God is holding over them -> that one shouldnt care or fear about God and judgement and punishment -> nothing more than a symbol/emblem

says that rejecting God's law is a sort of revelation to have

refers to reason and rationality but he describes it as pettie, while law is a rope of sand

inconsequential and easy to do away with

they are the ones who think that the rope of sand is actually strong and will not easily disintegrate like sand

no reward - concept of abundance

uses very perjorative terms to describe the concept of morality

like the collar, this refers to right and wrong

now irrelevant and no longer fresh

constantly wondering and debating and conflicting with onself -> cold dispute as if its no longer warm (irrelevant, old, has gone on for a long time)

once again signify restraint and confinement

recover what he is wasted

pleasures ->

the years that he lost

sigh -> complaint and blown as if he has wasted it -> the 'age' that he has spent away

No earthly recognition or reward and his solution is to abandon and forsake

Suggests restraint or a controlling authority -> lack of freedom and externally imposed control

Also worn by ministers and priests -> could be about rebelling

Collar is a pun on choleric -> anger and situation of rage

being abroad

metaphor of harvest with corn -> symbolise the harvest collectively and just rewards on earth (worldly rewards)

Throughout the poem, shortness of the lines are used for emphatic effect -> when he makes a declaration

he will not even get one small/sweet reward

he does not get what he toils for but he also cannot restore what he has sacrificed -> second metaphor is more limited

to ask for authority and sue for justice -> shall i be in the condition of begging/being a supplicant

always -> constant suffering

desiring and wanting something else -> pine suggests suffering for want of something else and an unfulfilled longing

christians are restrained by a sense of morality and the bible -> to perceive it as a collar, you are already in a state of defiance/resentment

those who endure the burdens

response to the word exact -> God does not need him to work or need his gifts as thousands are doing the work that is necessary

different definition of what work/service is

day and light suggest that he wants me to work in the day and labour at the time of his life -> supposed to be working but God has not provided the light

Has not been given light or day

Nied and Exact: God is denying and also taking away something)

he is blind

his talent is to write but he cannot do so-> punished for having this talent

writing poetry

despair: the world is big and wide but it is all dark to him

our assumption

referring to earth -> sense of expansiveness but also reductiveness -> paradoxical

would be foolish to do so -> only possible and logical subject for his verse is the mount of olives

why would he choose any other subject -> suggests he doesnt want any

heard from jesus himself

sheep are the learned swains and they are both writing about the same hills -> bleating is all meaningless and empty and about the same topic

no need for the sheep and poetry

shepherd's pipes -> pastoral scene

song/poem

many poems about these two hills of England

romantic poets

hills in England

This hill is intimately connected with the amount of time Jesus spent on Earth

religious belief

ASSURED KNOWLEDGE OF THE PAST AND ANTICIPATION of an assured future highlights what is gapingly missing

Whatever resolve does not work regardless of science, art, modern, traditional

about god not a lover

eternity is forever and constant

time technically supposed to heal things but his understanding is that eternity is constant

he always knows that she is there and when he is confused by this unchanging notion of time, he can always welcome her pack -> her presence is enduring and unchanging

unattainable -> cosmic imagery highlights distance (humanly unreachable)

constantly stuck in the situation where he knows in his rational mind that something should not be the case

Wife presented as an integral part of him and a permanent and indelible mark of pain

Absent presence and hearbeat highlights paradoxical inconsistencies of his situation -> even in death, her presence remains, systaining him 'like a heartbeat' -> ironic one that not only associates death with life but also suggests his wife is a constant and inseperable extention of himself that is not always noticeable but indisputably present

The presence and the absence have directly opposing titles. Both speakers yearn for closeness with one that they cannot see.

paradox -> same as nearness is far

existing in two states

lasting, permanence despite its intangible nature

scar denotes a momentous past event that has left a mark still weeping -> present continuous

personification -> shows on the outside and weeping (physical and emotional pain)

references to time

double meaning of irrational/cannot be sensed

all encompassing -> poem a is hopeful in how one's grief and despair has the ability to ebb and disappear, rather about the optimistic view of preserving one's memory, while poem b focuses on the inability of the speaker to bring the person back.

both poems convey the permanence of death, neither science or art

waiting room, awaiting, loss vs sense of anticipation and expectation that is unfulfilled

that grief and despair lessens with time, disappears

grief and despair is shown to be part of regret

acknowledgement that the image can be read in two different ways -> direction, and also the magnetic pull

brings the poem a little bit more as so far, the poet has been describing the architecture of the place

Machiavellan character

both spiritual and monetary support

nature of the action is violent

overreaching -> hubristic and does not care about consequence

that everyone can access it

all these thoughts are going to come to fruition

nature of the ambition:

she cannot afford the things that will keep her beautiful -> the duke reminds the audience that beauty is also material

that whatever she is losing, he can give better

Imagined -> religion is about consequences and punishment

Religion to Bianca is a moral code and to the duke it is about human perceptions

Marriage is inconsequential to him

the more she cries out, the more he will be praised

Perversion of petrarchan language

that he enjoys it??

tells her to stop struggling

suggesting that she is the cruel lover -> using the language of courtship

honour based upon his standing and social position

begins the discussion of honour -> disgraceful

he grabbed her

his words being pinned down

Parallel structures and use of present tense which reflects the immediacy of the emotion and present particle

Imgaery ->

sliver -> it comes in, but he opens it up only to see darkness -> sense of tragedy

how words like 'light' and 'sight' are meant to bring comfort but instead he only remembers something else -> lacks agency entirely

guards are meant to defend but they are the ones causing pain

the woman is so inspiring

fraught -> tearlessness is not a good thing as it does not prove relief, catharsis and instead amplifies the anxiety and lack of reprieve similar to the places poem 1 'fear to go' -> unable to seek reprieve anywhere

filled -> implies

certain sense of elevation and how he is a crucial part of memory

no change juxtaposed with change of everything else

melt and burn are two extremes

in autumn, when the leaves are burnt -> time passing

focys on her emotion and a transferred epithet -> she is the one weeping but not the one shrinking so its not exactly accurate for transferred epithet

projecting -> pathetic fallacy -> projection of ones emotions onto inanimate things

memories are enduringly haunting and prevent the person from moving on

Octave 2 starts here

Sonnets 1. Petrarchan (Octave, sestet, Volta which reflects shift in argument) 2. Shakespearean (3 quatrains, 1 Couplet)

once determined by the limited perception of the physical body-> relies on this initial concept where words are mediated by our gross understanding but when we die the soul is able to express and communicate itself -> communicates in a way that the body cannot interfere with

draws on his specific authority as a doctor who pronounces and perceives death -> they seem a lot wiser than usual when they die

the souls are walking in their own corpses -> connotates that the body is already dead -> souls naturally inhabit bodies but in sleep, the body is shut down and not functioning

Morpheus -> something that is outside of our limited human perceptions and understandings

religion of a doctor -> uses empircal way to prove

organs are destitute of sense but able to function in their sleep -> people have a spiritual part

religious trance -> the soul goes to meet God or to heaven -> soul acting independently of the body

relies on a common human experience to argue rather than biblical

goodnight -> the power of your mind is unleashed and you should study in your dreams because it is better but you will not remember anything

irl he is not funny but in his dreams hes able to be REALLY funny -> our dreams are more stimulating to a higher degree -> superior to living

allow/free

close off

refutes the argument that the happiness you dreamt about is not real because life is also not real so u are delusional either way

everything is OK!

yippee

constantly away from his friend but in his dreams he can see his friend????

more readily judged and perceived -> surely our dreams should make us more happy than our waked senses

this concept is our salvation as we can be happy no matter what happens -> one can be happy every day

the bible -> religious beliefs

biblical teachings form the basis of his understanding but nature also corroborates it

comprehensive

circumscribes suggests encircling -> limit and demarcates

atmosphere -> surface that tells the heavens it has an end

what he has observed and learnt -> not basing his understanding and spirituality on conventional/received wisdom

the earth should be seen as a point of comparison

that this is only superficial -> worldly or conventional perspectives

the rest of the world is to be dismissed, but the proper object of study is one's own self

each person is a little world

repeated idea of constraint -> the soul's potential is restricted by the body

death frees the soul

that one cannot retain such knowledge or memory of what the souls experience

surpass his mortal abilities

we dream beyond what we know to be rational in real life

the next life ?? referring to heaven?

something false

tendency to believe physical senses over the mental facilities -> they obfuscate the true purpose of the soul

mortal life is a fancy to him -> others see it as their onlyu true reality

protection by religious figures

continuation of the circular metaphor -> three hundred and sixty -> that what one sees around them is not all that exists? the soul yearns for something more upwards

that earthly, mortal things are insignificant not just to the heavens, but also our soul

further embellishment of the almost fictional nature of his life -> phrases like miracle, fable and poetry

unaware of the physical senses of your body

in this society, morals do not matter -> it is about how high you go and how you seem on the outside

outward appearance affects inner character

pale vs red: milk associated with purity, red associated with vigor, passion

if it is red with wine, he cannot blush and feel shame

he has grown out of milk and desires something richer, stronger, lustier -> wine provides courage -> in order to dare to to bad and dangerous things

wine is more mature, sophisticated

milk is pure and white -> should he still retain this innocence and maternal wisdom and concepts of good and bad

after his degree, he returned to the court

as a poor student, he had to work for his tuition and perform duties for his tutor

died before the money ran out

people sent to prison are those who cannot buy themselves off -> might as well be vicious

society where concepts like honor and virtue are perverted

honour has characterized

suppose he was sentenced to jail or a slaveship, Cornelia has no means to protect him

It is her fault for not providing for him -> this is a resort for him and his goal in life is to rise

honour corrupted in Flamineo's society and his own perception to social norms rather than conscience

accuses her of prioritizing her honour

honour transformed into moral and courtly standards -> how can she behave so rudely to someone who is important

has the same tastes and characters of courtiers and the rich but no capacity to live like them

courteous -> associated with a facade of courtesy (his association with learned behaviour, manners) -> in reality, his character has had his morals degraded

he is below his tutor's shoes -> constantly subjected to demeaning work

He is not important enough -> walking and very clear hierarchy -> emphasis on social position and wealth

not Cornelia, but instead the duke's own choices

anger

The one that the duke wants is Vittoria, who will come back

Flamineo and Brachiano once again align and Flamineo echoes what Brachino says

her mother has cursed her

while the duke is alive, she may be envied, but only pitied like a wretch after

a condition: dishonor must be met with punishment

she will dishonor her marriage vows if she does so

very short life -> if great men die, people are expected to mourn

in this society, great men are not well-regarded, feared not on the basis of their great virtue, only powerful because of their status -> one in this society is required to act in the way they act

This is the saddest thing that a mother has ever sworn

If vittoria swears a vow, she will swear an oath

physical kneeling to appease her mom

very dramatic -> as a declaration and a swear (I do protest, If anything) -> that there was no other way to do it as nothing could have stopped Brachiano from pursuing her

The only way she could have stopped him from his 'long suit' -> corroborates and exemplifies how the behaviour of the duke determines those of the people around him

Aligns with the clock metaphor where Vittoria is complicit in killing him -> if she could have stopped him, she would (if someone of a high standing acts in an immoral manner, everyone else will be corrupted -> subjects follow the example, but the subjects are also forced into a situation where they have to act in an unorthodox way

the duke has recalibrated what is the right thing to do.

sundial: steady and consistent example and lead a regular life -> moral and virtuous

as a clock, every other person is aligned -> if he is irregular, the rest will be misguided

kneeling before her age -> making her go before her time

Very dismissive, does not give any regard or show any remorse

Focus on only whether the duke is happy

Try to make people listen to her -> very frantic, anxious and pleading

Wishes to explain and defend herself -> still affected by the disapprobation and condemnation of her mother

She wishes that this garden be utterly ruined and poisoned and made a nursery for witchcraft than to bury their honours

Reference to her womb/the household

What they have done and the loss of their honour and the desecration of their family would be better than this

The scene comes to a natural end with the exit of Vittoria and Brachiano

He acts in this way due to his motivations to get ahead

betrayal

presented as a logical deduction that due to recognized inevitability, thus every single degree of humankind and hierarchy has nothing else to do but hurry towards their destiny - no need to resist

so as to join and ascend to heaven

rather than stooping to the grave, final image of soaring and winged ascension is spiritual in its focus and much more hopeful as we are not transmuted to dust but to essential souls

only taking on assumed roles rather than true identity

to mingle and perform

switches focus to heaven as one's real faith and destiny as beauty and strength become insignificant - concept of a heritage being different from destiny (force that works upon you) versus an inheritance that belongs to you and will be received (birthright) where Heaven truly belongs to us while Earth was only a temporary player's stage

wanton, playful wit and vain futile art can do nothing against death himself because Hell's executioner has no ears: does not pay attention to frivolous, wanton intentions of vain art - even the wittiest of poets is sick and must die

all-encompassing force that cannot be defeated

in this stanza, two major forces of fate and earth - the earth is waiting to receive us

tolling for death of every mortal soul - calling

so many: countless

dual purpose of mortality and location of graves

welcoming, beseeching grave

feminine beauty and peak of masculine strength and courage - not just the grave but stooping - elevation and height is juxtaposed against this downward movement and submission - idea of defeat at old age and stooping until one bends ultimately into submission (reach the grave)

ignonymy: one becomes fodder for worms - mortality shared even by most glorious of human heroes

not just dead but utterly erased and obliterated - her eyes, which are the emblem of her glorious, feminine beauty, is gone

recent memory + classical history - ever-constant memory

jane seymour and catherine howard l england has recently seen their death

Helen is immortal in memory but beauty is only transient and temporary

double effect of rotting petals of a flowet

not any illness but rather gripped his entire population/community

in their nature

substance of a medicine - even physicians will fade

julius caesar : memento mori

no one acquires beauty, wealth or strength to escape death - rather, they are markers of human excellence, but even the best cannot escape death

more substantial weapon - arrowlike

means vigorous - joys in sense of living life to the fullest and feeling alive - unfortunately, death has shown its insignificance

pleasurable bobbles or trinkets, but only for fleeting moments - that everything he treasures on Earth previously 'i.e.bliss and joy as significant words' but rendered insignificant by rhyming with toys

talks about the world as a whole before talking about everyhting that is enjoyable in life - he is bidding farewell to the joyful things in life

realizes that everything he treasures is transient - death shows that everything he has enjoyed is light, trivial, and of a temporal nature

this is lugibrious memento mori, not tempus fugit or carpe diem (not asking anyone to seize anything or take advantage of an opportunity) - it is only beseeching the Lord to have mercy on an inevitable death

easily understandable declarative statements but one should demonstrate rigour to understand the choices the poet has made

same refrain for each part - what situation does this depict? Meditation of mortality or suffering of illness that makes his death imminent? Hence bidding farewell to the earth

more sombre in mood and very direct in its declarations - not bald statements to rephrease