rough
What is the role of the human in an environmental ethic? Three approaches:
The third answer is the closest to what Routley would want but it is still a humancentric view. Three other approaches:
justice
What goes into an environmental ethic 1. Establish Values - What are our commitments - Ex. Education, has an intrinsic and extrinsic values - How and where is value assigned 2. Identification and definition of moral objects - What is included within the ambit or limits of moral relevance (What is moral relevant) - Ex. When a 4 year old bites a kid, they don't know any better 3. Parameters of allowances: - Ex. What is required, what is permissible what is neutral, what is wrong, and what is forbidden 4. Moral principles: interests, rightness, wrongness - Ex. right --> responsibility --> obligation 5. Evaluative judgement - Criteria for judgment --> By what measurement are we judging things - Consequences: moral praise, blame, criticism, censure
parochial
Limited or narrow minded
Human inte'i'ests and preferences are far too parochial to provide ·a satisfactory basis fordeciding on what is environmentally desirable.
Too limited of a view to actually decide what is environmentally desirable. We are too anthropocentric, so we have to go outside of ourselves to focus on something not on ourselves. Moving from anthropocentrism to biocentrism
We can't expand on our current ethics because they are all human based ethics, but we want to disconnect ourselves from just the humans. We are in the minority when it comes to the natural world
Routley
Suggests that a new Ethic is needed for environmental ethics
Leopold's
Expand our moral thinking to include animals and nature
HELEN
Many mistaken identities, Helen will become the mastermind by the end. - Manipulating to be an honest wife and be reaccepted as a good wife.
Gods have spirited away Helen to Egypt and left a phantom Helen in her place. The phantom Helen, made by Hera from smoke and air, stays with Menelaus for the 10 years at Troy and 7 years lost at sea. - Humans create their own illusions and sometimes can't even believe that they are faced with an illusion, as seen with Menelaus not believing he is seeing the real Helen
Despite your brave boasts and talk of courageous exploits your beauty is at variance with your claims. Paris, your body is better suited to loving than fighting. Leave war to strong men; you be a lover, always!
Connects to how book 3 of the Iliad ends. Lets herself be concurred. Paris is a lover while Menhilaus is a fighter. - The bedroom as a battlefield is common for this type of setting. => Common for the vibes of the elegy.
MILITAT OMNIS AMANS = Every Lover is a Fighter
o, actually I don’t dispute such praise by her, I even incline to it: why deny the compliment I desire in my heart of hearts?
She then entirely switches it up here. Is this out of character for her?
Think back to the confrontation with Aphrodite, conflicting whether or not to let Paris sleep with her.
HELEN TO PARIS
Fiction of women writing letters to men, notably famous women
The technologies of letters aren't present in the mythological timelines, it is an anachronism. Kinda like making a facebook page for a historic person.
Written by Ovid: Written in form of an elegy or elegiac couplets. - The first line is similar to epics. It is dactylic hexameter - The second one is a pentameter - Type of poem lends itself to a sense of longing
Heroides 16 pairs with Heroides 17, when 16 was written by Paris to Helen
Helen is saying that she is a virtuous wife and this is tarnishing her reputation, but she still maintains the crafty nature of her and manipulation.