fever,

The Lassa virus genome contains two single-stranded RNA segments, one large one that is responsible for encoding the viral polymerase and zinc binding proteins and a smaller one that encodes the structural proteins.

fever

RSV is a medium-sized (120-200nm) enveloped virus with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. aureus (12, 18, 21–24, 63) (Table 1). The introduction of vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in 2000 in the USA brought about a decline in the incidence of S. pneumoniae and an increase in H. influenzae in sinusitis

Proteus mirabilis and Urinary Tract Infections

Proteus mirabilis 24 96 100 100 0 100 96 100(11) 100(11) Proteus vulgaris 2 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- --

Proteus spp. 3 ( 0.9)

The antibiotic used depends upon susceptibility patterns in the particular geographical region. Currently, the antibiotics of choice are fluoroquinolones or azithromycin, with an emerging role for rifaximin

Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has become a particular problem in recent decades, as strains of bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have become more common.[55] These beta-lactamase enzymes make many, if not all, of the penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective as therapy

In stool samples, microscopy will show gram-negative rods, with no particular cell arrangement. Then, either MacConkey agar or EMB agar (or both) are inoculated with the stool. On MacConkey agar, deep red colonies are produced, as the organism is lactose-positive, and fermentation of this sugar will cause the medium's pH to drop, leading to darkening of the medium. Growth on EMB agar produces black colonies with a greenish-black metallic sheen. This is diagnostic of E. coli. The organism is also lysine positive, and grows on TSI slant with a (A/A/g+/H2S-) profile. Also, IMViC is {+ + – -} for E. coli; as it is indole-positive (red ring) and methyl red-positive (bright red), but VP-negative (no change-colourless) and citrate-negative (no change-green colour).

E. coli O157:H7 infection often causes severe, acute hemorrhagic diarrhea (although nonhemorrhagic diarrhea is also possible) and abdominal cramps. Usually little or no fever is present, and the illness resolves in five to 10 days. It can also be asymptomatic.

Antibiotics that interfere with DNA synthesis, such as fluoroquinolones, have been shown to induce the Stx-bearing bacteriophage and cause increased production of toxins.

Plasmid O157 (pO157)

In the outbreak from May to September 2011, approximately 3,000 EHEC cases were observed with a median age of 46 years,

The multiple resistance pattern most often observed was that of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline

Sulfisoxazole (36%) had the most common antimicrobial resistance, followed by tetracycline (32%), streptomycin (29%), ampicillin (10%), trimethoprim (8%), cotrimoxazole (8%), chloramphenicol (7%), kanamycin (7%), piperacillin (6%), and neomycin (5%).

Many P. aeruginosa isolates are resistant to a large range of antibiotics and may demonstrate additional resistance after unsuccessful treatment

Identification[edit] Test Results Gram Stain - Oxidase + Indole Production - Methyl Red - Voges-Proskaeur - Citrate + Hydrogen Sulfide Production - Urea Hydrolysis + Phenylalanine Deaminase - Lysine Decarboxylase - Motility + Gelatin Hydrolysis + Acid from lactose - acid from glucose - acid from maltose - acid from mannitol + acid from sucrose - nitrate reduction + DNAse - Lipase + Pigment + (bluish green pigmentation) Catalase +

the blue-green color of laboratory cultures

citrate, catalase, and oxidase positive.

In order to establish infection, the bacteria need to escape the host immune response, and in streptococci, a varied arsenal of bacterial strategies have been described. The M-protein aids in immune evasion by inhibiting phagocytosis and inactivating the complement system.[1] Furthermore, Streptococcus dysgalactiae possesses Protein G, a virulence factor binding circulating immunoglobulins, and thus interfering with the host antibody response.[49] DrsG, a virulence protein abrogating the effect of antimicrobial peptides secreted by human immune cells, is also harboured by a subset of SDSE-strains.[50][51]

Strain Identification to the Species and Subspecies Levels

linical features of upper respiratory tract infection and pyogenic pharyngitis as well as colony counts were tabulated for each patient according to throat culture results.

All isolates were susceptible to penicillin and levofloxacin, 6 (26.1%) showed resistance or reduced susceptibility to erythromycin [1 mef(A), 3 erm(TR), 1 mef(A)+erm(TR) and 1 erm(TR)+erm(B)] and 7 (30.4%) were resistant or exhibited reduced susceptibility to tetracycline [2 tet(M), 5 tet(M)+tet(O)]. The prevalence in Argentina was of at least 23 invasive infections by SDSE. A wide genetic diversity was observed. All isolates carried speJ and ssa genes. Similarly to other studies, macrolide resistance (26.1%) was mainly associated to the MLSB phenotype.

For presumptive identification of S. pyogenes, cultures should be tested for bacitracin susceptibility and PYR activity (as described below). A definitive diagnosis should include a positive Lancefield group A antigen test. Negative results can be confirmed after a total culture time of 48 hours.

The ability of bacterial species to hydrolyze the compound hippurate was classically tested using ferric chloride indicator to detect benzoic acid, the first byproduct in the hippurate hydrolysis pathway. However, a 2½ hour rapid method as opposed to the 48 hour classical method for detecting hippurate hydrolysis has since been developed. The rapid test employs ninhydrin as the indicator, which detects glycine, the second byproduct of hippurate hydrolysis. The rapid hippurate hydrolysis test has been shown to be as specific and as sensitive as the classical method that detects the benzoic acid byproduct. (4,5,8,9)

Superantigens are potent immunostimulators that cause clonal proliferation of T cells and watershed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that mediate shock and organ failure.

The CAMP test is a test to identify Group B β-streptococci[1][2] based on their formation of a substance (CAMP factor[3]) that enlarges the area of hemolysis

Culture on agar not containing blood, and then performing the catalase test should show a negative reaction for all streptococci. S. pyogenes is CAMP and hippurate tests negative.

usually benign

headache, chills, muscular pains, joint pains, arthritis, backache, and abdominal pain

malaise, decreased appetite, and aches.

commonly found in children

common