combination oral contraceptives are a concern because of the thrombogenic potential; these forms of contraception have not been adequately studied in these patients.

Fetal aneuploidy screening is available in the first and second trimester and should be offered to all pregnant persons, ideally before 20 weeks’ gestation

Treatment with prednisone is ineffective and may prolong recovery time

carotid ischemic attacks are more liable than vertebrobasilar ischemic attacks to be followed by stroke.

Neurologic examination shows no abnormality except in a few patients in whom trigeminal neuralgia is symptomatic of some underlying lesion, such as multiple sclerosis or a brainstem neoplasm, in which case the finding will depend on the nature and site of the lesion.

Brain imaging with MRI or CT without contrast is indicated in any patient with a new, progressive cognitive complaint.