27 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2025
    1. For example, sociologists Feagin and Parker (1990) suggested three factors by which political and economic leaders control urban growth. First, these leaders work alongside each other to influence urban growth and decline, determining where money flows and how land use is regulated.

      Leaders need to do a better job of choosing and acting on where the money flows. They need to do a better job of taking all these factors, statistics and logistic about where exactly our planet is right now and focus on how we can make it better but building things that will actually benefit the quality of life that doesn't just revolve around money.

    2. As cities grew more crowded, and often more impoverished and costly, more and more people began to migrate back out of them. But instead of returning to rural small towns (like they’d resided in before moving to the city), these people needed close access to the cities for their jobs. In the 1850s, as the urban population greatly expanded and transportation options improved, suburbs developed.

      To tie back to what I said about the government expanding money to places that need polishing, maybe the government also needs to start using that money to expand in job availability and creation. Job's that will take into consideration different circumstances the people who are jobless need. Maybe they dont have a college degree, lived in low income places that never had the best education?

    3. there are three prerequisites for the development of a city: First, good environment with fresh water and a favorable climate; second, advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to support nonfarmers; and third, strong social organization to ensure social stability and a stable economy.

      I think the government of each state needs to do a better job in expanding and spreading out money to polish and better cities and places who truly need the polishing. It's always the higher income places and nicer places that get all the money and that's a problem that needs to get fixed.

    1. While you might be more familiar with the phrase “global warming,” climate change is the term now used to refer to long-term shifts in temperatures due to human activity and, in particular, the release of greenhouse gases into the environment. The planet as a whole is warming, but the term climate change acknowledges that the short-term variations in this process can include both higher and lower temperatures, despite the overarching trend toward warmth.

      I think people should stop the controversy about climate change as it is quite literally a serious and real thing. As a result of poorly taking care of our planet and being so hyper focused on building for capitalism, people should be more scared.

    1. Can our planet sustain such a population? We generate more trash than ever, from Starbucks cups to obsolete cell phones containing toxic chemicals to food waste that could be composted. You may be unaware of where your trash ends up. And while this problem exists worldwide, trash issues are often more acute in urban areas. Cities and city living create new challenges for both society and the environment that make interactions between people and places of critical importance.

      I feel like the society right now is pretty incapable of not litering, trashing and taking care of our environment. Everyone's become so blinded from taking care of our planet, becoming more materialistic and careless of how we move throughout everyday life.

    1. When looking at the social epidemiology of the United States, it is hard to miss the disparities among races. The discrepancy between Black and White Americans shows the gap clearly; in 2018, the average life expectancy for White males was approximately five years longer than for Black males: 78.8 compared to 74.7 (Wamsley 2021). (Note that in 2020 life expectancies of all races declined further, though the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic was a significant cause.) Other indicates show a similar disparity. The 2018 infant mortality rates for different races and ethnicities are as follows:

      It's extremely saddening that we still have to face the fact that race and class can still dictate what kind of care each person recieves and to what extent. racial inequalities in health care need to be punished and discussed.

    1. The most frequent causes of death in children under five years old are pneumonia, diarrhea, congenital anomalies, preterm birth complications, birth asphyxia/trauma, and malaria, all of which can be prevented or treated with affordable interventions including immunization, adequate nutrition, safe water and food and quality care by a trained health provider when needed.

      The fact the not only low-income adults have to go through struggling to get medical help but also newborns and children have to face the consequences of not being able to get care of them as well. Again, this has to be a problem fixed and we need to be discussing these issues more often.

    2. Obesity, which is on the rise in high-income nations, has been linked to many diseases, including cardiovascular problems, musculoskeletal problems, diabetes, and respiratory issues.

      I find it so interesting that the highest-income countries have the highest rate of obesity, health problems, diseases and etc. These people may have unhealthy working conditions when it comes to the amount of time being overworked, but they also don't lack the money to buy quality foods, a gym membership and any resources that require caring for one's health.

    3. These epidemiological studies show that the health problems of high-income nations differ from those of low-income nations, but also that diseases and their diagnosis are changing.

      I think this is a significant problem in our society right now, the power imbalance of having the high-income nations having more resources and access to help and medical health. And those who aren't of high-income families end up getting the short end of the stick when it comes to receiving medical help because they don't have enough to get help. This is a serious matter that has to get fixed.

    1. o now, after the height of the coronavirus pandemic, what does “health” mean to you?

      I dont feel like my perception of health has changed, even after the corona virus. Most of the individuals that were affected by this and unfortunately passed away because of it were elders with already existing medical problems. The pandemic caused a strain on those problems and faced the consequences. But even now, people still need to be wary of what they have and how they take care of themselves, especially around elders who are already facing illness. It's as simple as being careful with your health and to take into consideration who you risk around you if you dont.

    2. conflicting messages about mask wearing and social distancing became political weapons amid the country's Presidential election, and localized outbreaks and spikes of deaths were continually traced to gatherings that occurred against scientific guidance.

      I feel like the communication towards protocols such as wearing mask, staying 6 feet away and etc we're all not taken into consideration carefully enough and precisely. There were still so many people who failed to obey these rules and were not punished for it.

    1. Research suggests that while marital conflict does not provide an ideal childrearing environment, going through a divorce can be damaging

      I think this depends how just how broken a marriage is and if it really is due for a divorce. I know many people who face relief when their parent's finally split because they dont need to deal with endless conflict and stress. Yes, no one wants their parents to split but I feel like that's not the kids place to choose in the relationship.

    1. Many couples view cohabitation as a “trial run” for marriage.

      I think cohabitation is a good way to learn how to live with your partner, get to know them a little and test's their relationship and boundaries. But I don't believe that it can be a significant factor in a succesful marriage. Marriage truly gets tested when other factors have to be taken into consideration such as kids or sickness, maybe loss.

    2. he causes range from parental mental health issues, drug use, or incarceration, as well as physical or sexual abuse of the children by the parent, or abandonment by the parent.

      I think it's so sad how often parents lack the ability to care for themselves to the point where they have no other choice but to abandon their own child or children. It's sad that people aren't as careful and aware of what consequences they will face when being immature. And the cost of that is going to be a future traumatized and broken child because that child will always know neglect and abandonment.

    3. only 66 percent of children under seventeen years old live in a household with two married parents.

      Im not suprised by this stat. And with that 10 percent decrease from 1980, I feel like in today's world the decrease is going to get significantly worse. I feel like the economic and political state of the world plays a role in that but also what the societal standards are now, especially for young adults.

    4. Researchers found that the person with the most access to value resources held the most power

      This can be a really dangerous thing for marriages, but for couples in general who live with each other. If one person revolves their value around their successes and achievements, there will be a power trip. This may be even more dangerous when children are involved and the cost of that power because anger and rage when things go wrong.

    1. t means that nearly every child in most parts of America is either in or is close to a family that is not headed by a married couple.

      I feel like I've met more people that only live with one parent, divorced or never married at all. I am one of those people so every time I share mutual circumstances with other's, it makes me feel less lonely.

  2. Nov 2025
    1. Is value neutrality possible? Many sociologists believe it is impossible to retain complete objectivity. They caution readers, rather, to understand that sociological studies may contain a certain amount of value bias. This does not discredit the results, but allows readers to view them as one form of truth—one fact-based perspective. Some sociologists attempt to remain uncritical and as objective as possible when studying social institutions. They strive to overcome personal biases, particularly subconscious biases, when collecting and analyzing data. They avoid skewing data in order to match a predetermined outcome that aligns with a particular agenda, such as a political or moral point of view. Investigators are ethically obligated to report results, even when they contradict personal views, predicted outcomes, or widely accepted beliefs.

      I wonder just how much value bias is involved in certain sociological studies. I wonder if that affects the group of people who conduct studies together and clash opinions

    1. You have probably tested some of your own personal social theories. “If I study at night and review in the morning, I’ll improve my retention skills.” Or, “If I stop drinking soda, I’ll feel better.” Cause and effect. If this, then that. When you test the theory, your results either prove or disprove your hypothesis.

      Sometimes I subconsciously have my own personal social theories, without even really thinking about it too hard. One day, ill just decide to switch a routine up and I all of a sudden meet some type of growth or progression towards something.

    2. As you may imagine, a feral child is a subject of great interest to researchers. Feral children provide unique information about child development because they have grown up outside of the parameters of “normal” growth and nurturing. And since there are very few feral children, the case study is the most appropriate method for researchers to use in studying the subject.

      I think the study of children development is so important to teach. It's so helpful to get ahead in the knowledge of reasons why a child behaves a certain way and most importantly, that knowledge can help find answers and solutions.

    3. Sascha Buchanan (2019) made use of participant observation to study the relationship between two fan groups, that of Beyoncé and that of Rihanna. She observed award shows sponsored by iHeartRadio, MTV EMA, and BET that pit one group against another as they competed for Best Fan Army, Biggest Fans, and FANdemonium. Buchanan argues that the media thus sustains a myth of rivalry between the two most commercially successful Black women vocal artists.

      It's kind of interesting to see how the two most successful black artists has fandoms that pit the two artists against each other. It's so unecessary for artists to be as succesful as they are and have the people that support them so much issue a rivalry.

    1. But Jarrett realized he was most upset at himself for using her illness as an excuse. He thought he wasn't living up to the example he wanted to set for her. The next day, he called his academic advisor and re-enrolled.

      I thought this was a pretty powerful sentence in this section of the chapter. I think it's important to realize that as an older adult with the responisbility of a child, whilst also responsible for his own work ethic and future, that the only difference is there is someone looking up to you now. That there is an even greater motivation to succeed.

  3. Oct 2025
    1. Values often suggest how people should behave, but they don’t accurately reflect how people do behave. Values portray an ideal culture, the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. But ideal culture differs from real culture. In an ideal culture, there would be no traffic accidents, murders, poverty, or racial tension. But in real culture, police officers, lawmakers, educators, and social workers constantly strive to prevent or address these issues. American teenagers are encouraged to value celibacy. However, the number of unplanned pregnancies among teens reveals that the ideal alone is not enough to spare teenagers the potential consequences of having sex.

      This section of this chapter provides really good topics to annotate on. I believe that especially in generation Z, value lacks effectiveness and importance because of how everyone in my generation care more about perception and reward rather than living up to values I believe that not many people my age even care to live up to their values and beliefs because of the fact that everyone is so engulfed in social media and disregard how dangerous social media's influence can truly be

    2. Consider the value that the U.S. places upon youth. Children represent innocence and purity, while a youthful adult appearance signifies sexuality. Shaped by this value, individuals spend millions of dollars each year on cosmetic products and surgeries to look young and beautiful.

      This is a very interesting take on values and beliefs in the US. This section of the article in particular makes so much sense, as I can relate to this to my everyday life. It's no question how a youthful adult appearance signifies sexuality, and It can be a very frightening and unsafe thing because of the dangers that goes on with sexual harrasment in the world going on today. This section states that children represent innocence and purity, but in all honstly and unfortunately, it feels as though there's not much innocence and purity left in children anymore because of the rise in child trafficking and sexual abuse either.

    1. High, Low, and Popular Culture

      High, Low and Popular Culture summary: This section explains the different types of culture mentioned in the subheading being, high, low and popular culture. High culture is often associated with intellectualism, political power and prestige. Low culture is often associated with experiences and attitudes that exist in the lowest segments of society. Popular culture refers to cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society. A few examples of this are, baseball games, music, anime and cosplay.

    1. Nonmaterial culture, in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. These are things you cannot touch. They are intangible. You may believe that a line

      physical properties that are of some culture that can be touched are tangible whereas, nonmaterial culture are just mainly ideas of a society. Ideas of a society are not physical properties that you can touch, therefore, they are intangible.

    2. marriage is generally seen as an individual choice made by two adults, based on mutual feelings of love.

      Its interesting to me how in other nations and in different times, marriages are arranged due to culture and without individual choice of the person. Even if you hadn't gotten to know your wife or husband, that youre inevtiably bound to them for life without really knowing what theyre capable of doing to you. That is a very scary thought.