Vitamin C’s ability to easily donate electrons makes it a highly effective antioxidant. It is effective in scavenging reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and many other free radicals. It protects lipids both by disabling free radicals and by aiding in the regeneration of vitamin E.
water soluble
RMR or REE are slightly higher than BMR because the individual may have ambulated, for example, walked to urinated before measuring RMR. BMR is measured with no ambulatory movement.
RMR includes a small amount of energy for light, everyday actions like sitting upright or digesting a recent meal.
Measuring BMR requires 8+ hours of sleep and 12 hour fast and is usually measured in a lab or clinical setting
Hypothalamus
acts as the body's main control center for maintaining a stable internal balance, or homeostasis. It serves as the primary bridge connecting your nervous system to your endocrine (hormone) system.
Complete nutrient catabolism is between 30 and 40 percent efficient, and some of the energy is therefore released as heat.
Breakdown of ATP Production per Glucose Molecule
• Glycolysis (Cytoplasm): Net gain of 2 ATP (and 2 NADH). • Pyruvate Oxidation / Transition Reaction: Produces 0 ATP (generates 2 NADH). • Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix): Produces 2 ATP (or GTP) (and 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂). • Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis): Produces about 26 to 28 ATP (using the energy from NADH and FADH₂), accounting for roughly 90% of total energy production.
Glucose is the preferred energy source by most tissues, but fatty acids and amino acids can also be catabolized to the cellular energy molecule, ATP.
Energy = Currency Analogy
glucose = debit card (easiest for body to convert to energy) fatty acids = breaking a big bill amino acids = using rare bills and coins to pay
Folate is a required coenzyme for the synthesis of the amino acid methionine, and for making RNA and DNA.
also known as vitamin B9