I like how this text included the specific death toll because it really shows the full impact that Covid-19 had on the population, economy, and even families. I also found it interesting that they named these numbers but pointed out the problem with the count of direct Covid deaths (statistics) and the difference between that to excess mortality.

This definition focuses on more than just biological causes but the social patterns of the diseases and impairments. This means that epidemiologist focus more one who is getting sick, where are they getting sick at, and what are the conditions that this person is going through. Based on the video we watched in class, "Rohrman on Social Epidemiology" they focus on the upstream of diseases rather than trying to rapidly heal one person at a time, they look at the situation as a social situation.

This is important because it points out why having a micro level perspective is not enough, because tobacco use is broader. These upstream policies like government subsidies, blocked regulations, etc, shows the macro level of this issue emphasizing the institutional forces.

I like this sentence because it quantifies the drastic rise in obesity over the decades, I believe that this really shows why macro perspectives are also important, because this is to big of an increase to just be based on an individuals choices.

4 macro-level factors that have an impact on an individuals behavior. I just wanted to have these easy to look at because i feel they are important.

This shows the main cause of why there is a lack of attention to these macro factors. It shows that US health research focused everything on individual choices, rather than structural conditions like poverty or access to certain things. Which makes seeing things from a micro perspective easier, which is why the macro perspective gets overlooked.

I believe this is the fundamental idea shared between both the HBM and TRA because it shows that people act based on their perceptions and not on medical facts alone. It highlights that health behavior is actually shaped by ones beliefs and perceptions.

I like this passage of the reading because it identifies economic barriers as a structural reason that affects health behavior. By pointing out that people with low income drive disparities in health outcomes, shows us that cost and access are big problems that need fixed.

This graph highlights the key behavioral factors that influence public health outcomes by using habits that increase the possibility of disease or poor health.

I believe this sentence summarizes Weber's ideas that health isn't shaped by just one alone but by both, the interaction between structural conditions and an individuals behaviors.

Marks the shift from the biomedical definition to the medical sociological definition.

Health is not just a biological state but a social one, it's measured by a person's ability to function in their roles. This part of the reading also touches on how health is socially constructed meaning it is shaped by social factors like culture, age, gender, class, experiences, etc. From Parson, Twaddle, and Blaxter's findings it expands this idea that health is tied to social norms and expectations.

The biomedical definition of how health is perceived, this definition ignores the six dimensions that were talked about earlier. I think ignoring the other dimensions can make us look over the essential aspects of actually understanding real health experiences.

This paragraph points out why you can't just perceive health as one dimension, disease. Ware says it has six dimensions, I agree with these dimensions. I think it's important to define health in a way that accounts for physical, mental, social, functional, and perceptual components, not just the disease aspect.

The main idea; the medical field is not just the doctors, sickness, and hospital its also how people behave, why they make the choices they do. and how society shapes there behaviors.

Death occurred more in younger adults in the US than it did in other countries.

Shows the different communities that were hit harder with COVID-19.

This section of the book emphasizes that the pandemic did not affect all groups equally but instead followed existing lines of inequality.

This acknowledges that behavior and identity do not always match or align but both can shape health risks or experiences.

Biologi is stable, but social conditions change thats why social explanations are more powerful.

I feel like this sets up two different frameworks; like sex differences are biological while gender differences are social, behavioral, and cultural

Like I commented earlier I never really looked into LE because I've never had the need to or want to, but it is interesting how different the numbers varied when we look at the gender in relation to race or ethnicity.

The four core components, each representing a different advantage. Education is knowledge, income is purchasing power, wealth is security, occupational status is benefits and stability.

The National Academies of Sciences emphasized that these disparities are not inevitable but instead preventable which was surprising to me.

Most common

Incidence rates is useful when trying to understand how many new cases of diseases, impairments, or accidents are happening during a certain time period, while prevalence rates are useful when you're looking for the total number of cases of disease, impairments, or accidents within a population.

The difference between different regions is honestly crazy to see.

It's interesting to see the differences between low and high income countries and how they relate globally.

I find it interesting how many factors actually go into LE, I've never actually thought about it, but this reading made me actually put thought into this topic. It's crazy based on just where you from how much of a difference it makes.

Full genetic map is someone's entire genome which can develop medicine specifically for one person.

This shows fundamental causes shape behaviors and determine access to resources and the idea of "flexible resources" to me means it can be used in multiple ways.

This as an opener to this topic shows that disease patterns are not random that there is multiple reasons leading to them. By stating the range of factors that you have to consider when looking at disease factors makes me think about age, gender, class, behavior, environments like their city, home, etc

Reasons causing the surge in new infectious diseases.

Reasons causing the surge in new infectious diseases.

Reasons causing the surge in new infectious diseases.

Reasons causing the surge in new infectious diseases.

Reasons causing the surge in new infectious diseases.

This points out how different societies are affected by chronic disease challenges. High-income countries can move through disease easier finding a solution to chronic disease problems, however low-income countries are faced with these challenges more than anyone. This statement focuses on the uneven pace that disease challenges get solved in different countries/societies.

Migration and urbanization increased the contact between populations, creating a new way for transmission to happen. Pointing out the "...crowded and unsanitary cities.." intensified the way I perceived this sentence, it made me picture the environmental conditions that shaped patterns with disease.

This approach highlights the injustices along with the unequal access to resources.

This example shows how cultural values can strengthen institutional development. I believe another example would be the value/relationship that is placed on education in the US with how it contributes to the workforce and the functioning of economic/political institutions.

The framework that shapes how sociologist interpret social patters

This points out that sociologist like to look at individuals events in life to understand the big picture, in this case it would be the larger social patters behind decisions.

Globalization makes disease control more complicated to actually control.

What could be an unintended consequence of health care reform? I believe that it could be unexpected costs or even patients and providers being confused.

Covid-19 made it very obvious that people's lives affected how healthy there were and how likely they were to get sick. Some of these traits included race, gender, and income. Based on these traits or other traits I can think of I wonder which ones most strongly affect health.

The idea that we should eat healthy, workout, and no smoking, etc. This is mainly the reason why people in the society blame other individuals choices instead of the actual social problems in my opinion.

This term is the study of who gets sick and who doesn't, basically who is more affected.

Shows this is an active ongoing thing that is very much real

Another point where it reinforces how sociology is relevant to health and diseases.

Social problems can even cause health related issues, its not always just germs.

Later in this paragraph it states that it's obvious that these degenerative diseases are more tied to social patters and lifestyles which really pointed out how sociological explanations are needed.

Medical sociology became official; medicine and sociology were now interlinked into the term medical sociology.

This is another sentence that shows that sociologists were study living conditions and how if affected peoples health before medical sociology was actually coined a term.

Shows that Virchow believed there was more to the typhus fever than just people getting ill, it showed that he believed improving living conditions for these people would improve their health

The idea behind medical sociology is not new.

This is explaining how health was once only a medical issue rather than a social issue. I believe it's good that sociology was brought into the mix because having health purely medical would limit how health issues were understood. I'm also curious what might have been missed when sociology wasn't involved in health issues.

This shows how different groups experience health differently and also shows us that health or even diseases are placed in different categories like social and behavioral. Also it shows that you need to go beyond biological reasons to really show how health between individuals actually differs. While it points this out it also portrays that biology asks what causes health issues and sociology asks why certain groups experience health issues more than others.

Sociology matters because it helps us to understand the institution more broadly. This also gives us foreshadowing over what medical sociology is by focusing on how society affects health.

In simple terms it means connection your personal experiences to bigger social patterns.

Reading this whole paragraph made me realize I am one of the people that have always believed that choices being made were very individualistic and viewed decisions as their choice, however reading about the sociological perspective and sociology in general showed me that the society influences people more than you think it does. Even thinking in my life as an example of how sociological perspective changed my perspective on things the first thing that comes to mind is following trends. I couldn't even begin to count how many trends I've followed in my life.

This whole section of the reading really points out that people don't live in isolation and every relationship or decision in society shapes how we act, which I think branches from their definition of Sociology.