42 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2023
    1. Roman Empire, the Greek anatomist Galen (A.D. 130-200) dissected the brains of sheep, monkeys, dogs, pigs, among other non-human mammals (Carlson, 2014). He believed the brain to be the site of sensation and thought, and the controller of movement (Gross, 1987). He stated that spinal cord was an extension of the brain and chronicled the relationship between the spinal nerves and specific muscles each controlled. For the next advance in understanding spinal function, we must await Bell and Magendie in the 19th Century.

      SO 7: Contributor 5

    2. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail us"

      SO 7 Contributor 3

    3. (384-322 B.C.E.), believed that one's mind resided in the heart. He believed that since our blood started from the heart, the soul also originated there.

      SO 7 Contributor 1

    4. invention of methods such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans, scientists began to link the brain to specific behavior and cognition as biopsychology as a discipline began to emerge.

      SO 6: Milestone 5

    5. 1949, Donald Hebb wrote his influential book, The Organization of Behavior, where he introduced the first comprehensive theory on how the brain might create and control complex psychological functioning, such as thought, memories, emotions and perceptions.

      SO 6: Milestone 3

    6. William James in his book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology

      SO 6: Milestone 1, James was a physiologist

    1. s mind-body dualism or mind-brain dualism, which literally means that the mind and the functioning of the brain (assumed to be entirely physical) are two (dual) separate processes, completely independent of one another.  The origin of dualism is often attributed to the 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes. If this view were true, then we would expect that brain damage would have no effect on the mind.  However, brain damage does affect the mind and the specific location of the damage produces more or less specific, fairly predictable, effects on the mind, modifying the mind and behavior in various ways.  Examples of this are coma due to head injury; the effects of Parkinson's disease on movement after the disease damages areas of the brain known as the basal ganglia; changes in personality and emotion due to injury to the front of the brain, specifically the frontal lobes; memory loss in Alzheimer's Disease; and so on.  Though you don't have to accept the assumption of physicalism when studying the brain if your religious beliefs are contrary to the idea, nevertheless it is important that you be aware of the assumption of physicalism/materialism that most biological psychologists accept, at least as a working hypothesis, if not a philosophical position, as they do their brain research.

      If the "completely" independent of one another" rigid assumption were modified or removed then the actuality of mind and matter is clear, the physical is needed in terms of structure and function, and the spiritual or other dimension(s) work through and on it.

    2. Although this is the view among most biological psychologists, there are a few who believe, like many students do, that the brain, along with the rest of life, was created by a divine being and that therefore the mind has divine origins

      No one disputes that matter and energy make up the brain. Other dimensions exists, Clearly evident when we think about thought.

    3. That is, a mind, consciousness, can only emerge from matter, energy, and physical processes if they are organized in a very specific and complex form--that form that we know as a brain and its physical operations.

      This is a huge fallacy. It purposefully excludes the creation viewpoint, which without, moral decision-making, having a conscience, a soul, etc., cannot be explained. It is a "concept, not a law that is posited, that is saying that because something is matter, energy. other or all, it then must not have another dimension outside of those characteristics. We know this isn't factual and is logically errant.

      I don't enter into debate here, just sharing facts.

      No responses needed.

    4. subjective

      There must be some backstory to this (that perhaps has been edited out of this version of the text, as often occurs over the life of a text), as it is a significant leap to say that because something is physical as in tangible even, that it is not objective, but subjective - just don't see how this correlation can be had.

    5. This folding increases in mammal species with increasing complexity of the brain of the species and is thought to originate from the "cramming" of more cortical tissue into the skull over evolutionary time.

      increased surface area; theme in the hard sciences

    6. destroyed and/or removed as much as 90% of the brain tissue of their animal subjects

      Yikes! - Would that occur today, with CITI human or other subject research protocols? Backlash like HeLa cancer cell strain (cell line) use without permission, etc.

      https://www.google.com/search?q=henrietta+lacks&sca_esv=562080135&sxsrf=AB5stBieEqwkmPMsSqaFQ5dEpXfiWHhkyA%3A1693621241551&ei=-ZvyZLusIaP5kPIPzYCfmAI&gs_ssp=eJzj4tTP1TcwLIuvMjFg9OLPSM0rykwtKUlUyElMzi4GAHuACT8&oq=henrietta+lac&gs_lp=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&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

    7. study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes.

      Student Outcome (SO) #1a: Definition of

      professor, the username and email used herein is for C Harber. This additional software account creation has not been vetted and therefore my exposure must limited, hence using a pseudonym.

    8. sensation and perception; motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion

      SO 1b: key foci

    9. all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions

      CNS and brain functions

    10. concentrates on the role of biological factors, such as the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, and evolution on behavior and mental processes.

      SO 1bi

    11. application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals

      SO 1b: focus