E IMPLICATIONS OF BALANC

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INTRODUCTION

alaria, yellow fever,and other diseases of tropical Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and New Guineafurnished the most impottant obstacle to European colonization of thosetropical areas

Human history, as something separate from the history of animals,began there about 7 million years ago

This is of yellow paper, stamped with the seal of the lord aforesaid.

from Genoa or from Venice

Tana to Sara

You may reckon also that each ox-waggon will require one ox,and will carry ten cantars Genoese weight; and the camel-waggon will require three camels, and will carry thirty cantars Genoese weight; and the horse-waggon will require one horse, and willcommonly carry six and a half cantars of silk, at two hundred and fifty Genoese pounds to the cantar. And a bale of silk may be reckoned at between one hundred and ten and one hundred and fifteenGenoese pounds

sommi

And you may reckon the sommo to be worth five golden florins

Cambalec

Gittarchan

or an intimate friend and comrade calling himself his brother,

according

Cathay

only if he does take one he will be kept much more comfortably than if he does not take on

must not try to save money

dragoman

Florence

how one kind of goods is better than another kind

how they may be kept as long as possible

J ENNIFER L. P ALMER . Intimate Bonds: Family and Slaveryin the French Atl

heuristic

]

Due notice must be given of the construction of such artificialislands, installations or structures, and permanent means for giving warningof their presence must be maintained. Any installations or structures whichare abandoned or disused shall be removed to ensure safety of navigation,taking into account any generally accepted international standards establishedin this regard by the competent international organization. Such removal shallalso have due regard to fishing, the protection of the marine environment andthe rights and duties of other States. Appropriate publicity shall be given tothe depth, position and dimensions of any installations or structures notentirely removed.

This particular jet has the potential to attack anywhere in the Philippines

A two month standoff resulting from the Philippines deploying a warshipon Chinese fishing boats in Scarborough Shoal. Chinese backup shipscame in defence of the fishing boats

Scarborough Shoal may not extend orgenerate their own EEZ or continental shelf and thus makes China’s claim for territorialexpansion illegal

The Philippines defends that extending maritime claims beyond thoseattributed by the UNCLOS should not be granted to China and that UNCLOS isincongruous with historical claims.

Spratly island

verdicts reached by the court can include demands to cease particularactions, the issuing of formal statements, suggestions of financial compensation and more forexample in the case of resource loss and equivalent amount to losses could be requested.

EEZs

occur in the present day

iblical religion allowsthemtobeatonce robustlyrealisticabout horrors and robustlyoptimistic abouthumanprospects.

urworldwithoutahorrordefeaterisaworldinwhichpersonalfunctioningisself-defeating.

agel’s ir

horrorsintheface.

Unliketrivial,small,medium,andlargeevils,horrorsaredisproportionedtohumanagency.

Participationinhorrors furnishes reasontodoubtwhethertheparticipant’slifecanbeworthliving,becauseitengulfsthepositive valueofher/hislifeand penetratesintohis/hermeaning-makingstructuresseeminglytodefeatanddegradeher/his valueasaperson.

meaning-making,

scientificmethod

DDITIONAL RESOURCE

5. Defining YourProgram’s Outcomes

4. UnderstandingOutcomes

. The Purpose-DrivenProgram: IdentifyingDesired Outcomes

ereare fleasinthegarage,it’snot rationaltoconcludethatitappearsthat thereareno fleasinthegarage

noseeum

NoTtes

OBJECTIONS

t'sclear that the theist can reject this atheistic argu?ment only by rejecting its first premis

Seemings count as non-inferential evidence. E is (some of) S’s non-inferential evi-dence for P only if E is one or more of $’s non-doxastic mental states (e.g. anexperience). E is (some of) S’s inferential evidence for P only if E is one or more of S’sbeliefs.

inferential

supports

tantamount

ultima facie propositional justificatio

Onehasprimafaciejustification forPjustincase she hasultimafaciejustificationforPintheabsenceofrelevantdefeaters

Adefeaterissomethingthatprevents primafaciejustification from.constitutingultimafaciejustification.

SupposethatsomethingX(e.g.abelieforanexperience)provides propositionaljustificationforP.ItiscommontoholdthatXprovidesdoxasticjustificationforone’s beliefin Ponlyifthatbeliefisbasedonx

In Section 1, I explicatethe evidentialist principle that will be the focus of this paper, and in Section 2,I explicate phenomenal conservatism and explain what it means for it to seem that P.The third and fourth sections secure the two main conclusions of the paper, respec-tively. Given how easy it is to acquire evidence according to phenomenal conserva-tism, it is natural to object that the principle is absurdly permissive. In Section 5, I arguethat this objection fails.

Because Democrats have 50 seats in the Senate—plus a Democratic vice president—reconciliation is a way to get a tax-and-spending bill to the president’s desk even if all 50 Republicans oppose it.

Mooreanreasonin

Inthisauthor's view,amorepromisinglineofresponseistograntPremise2totheskepticbuttorejectPremise 1—thatis,toinsistthatwedoknowthat thevariousskepticalhy-pothesesarefalse.

.

.

he Dream Argument1. You don’t know you're not now dreaming.2. Unless you know you're not now dreaming, you cannot know any-thing about the world around you based on your current sensoryexperiences.3: Therefore, you cannot know anything about the world around youbased on your current sensory experiences.

perceive so clearly that thereexist no certain marks by which the state of waking can ever be distinguishedfrom sleep, that I feel greatly astonished; and in amazement I almost persuademyself that Iam now dreaming

skeptical possibility arguments.

lobal skepticism.

lack knowledge, or justified belief, or both, acrossme important domain.

not mutually exclusive.

period

place

demanding

watertight

put

and

Some nite persons are or have been nonresistantly in a state of nonbelief in relation to theproposition that God exists

naturalness

may also be resistant doubters and disbelievers

theistic religions ofAbraham, Jesus, and Muhammad come at the very end of a story of human religious or proto-religiousactivity much longer than their own, during a great deal of which God didn’t explicitly gure at all, let aloneas the main characte

Anguished doubt may provide an example ofnonresistant nonbelief,

“from below”

third premise: Somenite persons are or have been nonresistantly in a state of nonbelief in relation to the proposition thatGod exists

Contextual factors

Stakeholder interest

reform scenarios

If [a perfectly loving God exists], then [there exists a God who is always open to a personalrelationship with any nite person].If [there exists a God who is always open to a personal relationship with any nite person], then[no nite person is ever nonresistantly in a state of nonbelief in relation to the proposition thatGod exists].

If [a perfectly loving God exists], then [no nite person is ever nonresistantly in a state ofnonbelief in relation to the proposition that God exists]

In short, God’s attempt to experientially transform anegative response in the context of a continuing relationship would have much more value than just itsavoidance by means of hiddenness—and might indeed be expected to contribute to the prevention of similarresponses in the future.

why an unsurpassably great personwould have no way to either avoid or transform such a negative response short of hiding

encountered precisely through a relationship with an innitely rich divinereality.

we might hope to nd reasons for supposing that even a lovingGod would or might at some time allow nonresistant nonbelief

you can’t change or add to your beliefs justDownloaded from https://academic.oup.com/book/12756/chapter/162881568 by Serials Dept -- College of William and Mary user on 25 January 2023

Sofrom both perspectives, the perspective of the lover and that of the one loved, the relationship madepossible by belief is a dierent relationship* than any left to subsist on hope or nonbelieving faith.

Perhaps someone will still be inclined to resist by saying that hope or even a certain kind of belieess faithcould replace belief

ithas to be the case that believing in the existence of the other person, in this case God, is necessary toparticipate in a conscious, interactive, and positively meaningful relationship with her (which, recall, is thefull articulation of “personal relationship” as I am using that term), and (2) it also has to be the case thatwe can’t come up with such belief on our own, just by trying to.

not revealingherself B is doing something that makes it impossible for such a relationship to exist

“fromabove,”

narrower

The self-deceptive resistance required would include a desire component: a desire not to be in a relationship withGod, or else to be in a condition incompatible with relationship with God.

esistantly deceiving themselves on whether there is a God, and falling intodoubt or disbelief about this matter as a resul

resistance and nonresistance

God is bound up with believing in God.

No nite person is ever nonresistantly in a state of nonbelief in relation to the proposition that Godexists.

Several

This

one cannot be in a personal relationshipwith someone without believing that they exist

It

It means not through one’s own actions or omissionsmaking it impossible for the other, whom one loves, to participate in personal relationship with one at thattime should the other wish to do so

o the premise is saying that if God exists and possesses the greatest possible love, then God willalways be open to a meaningful conscious relationship with every nite person capable of participating in it

Theism is an elaboration of ultimism, the elaboration that saysthe ultimate reality is a person (a divine one).

Perfect love, as you may have realized, is here taken to be the best, the greatest, the deepest love that couldpossibly be realized in God

“personal relationship

he hiddenness argument’s main premise

but rather simple factsabout subjective states of people, such as that honest doubt about God is possible.

had no idea which view had got it right

religious

When atheists say or imply that God is hidden,therefore, what they should be taken to mean is that the world contains such facts

relationships as grounds for moral permissions

agency

imperfectly conceptualized as a matter of attaching extra weightto or favouring certain people’s interests in one’s decisions.

farmoresalientphenomena

o if it were one of my projects to advance your welfare,then my doing so would receive some degree of deference from morality;otherwise not.”

appeal to projects

something’s being one of your aims, goals, or projects means not just that youwant it to come to pass, but that you intend to bring it about through yourown efforts.

or goals, aims, and projects are different from mere preferences.

care

his proposal has a built-in wav of demarcating the scope of thepartiality that is covered by the permission.

nything that is part of what Bernard Williams calledyour *S’—anything you care about, prefer, or value—would receive moraldeference, and would thus be capable of blocking or putting the brakes onwould-be impartial moral demands.'

extending

On this proposal, the moralrequirements that apply to you must be tempered by or show deferenceto not just your interests, but the interests of other people who are relat-ed to you in certain designated ways.

ption 2: My Interests and the Interests of those Who Stand in CertainDesignated Relations to

favourable

f we assumed morality were a contract formutual advantage.

deferential to my X?

concept

at is,the question of the source of special obligations

I wish to put on the table, we do not actually find withinmorality a permission for partiality

he suggestion I shall make is that we may best be able tosecure a space for permissible partialicy by deploying the notion of a person’sprojects, rather than by claiming a brute or primitive permission to be partial asan allegedly basic element of morality.

everything morally required is morally permitted, the converse isnot true;

that from the standpoint of Judeo-Christian religious ethics, acreator's choice of a less excellentworld need not be regarded asmanifestinga defectof character. It could be understoodin termsof his grace,which (in that ethics) is considered an importantpartofperfectgoodness. In thisway I thinkthe rejectionofproposition(P) can be seen to be congruouswith the attitudeofgratitudeandrespectforhuman life as God's gracious giftwhich is encouragedin the Judeo-Christian religious traditio

)

moreable to enter fully intowhat we believe to be the purposes of God for human beings assuch.

The creatureis not, on the whole, so miserable that it would be betterforhimif he had never existed. (5) No being who came into existencein better or happier circumstanceswould have been the sameindividual as the creature in question.

wrongedthe child

raciousperson sees what is valuable in the person he loves, and does notworryabout whetherit is more or less valuable than what couldbe found in someone else he might have loved

grace

thosecreaturesis as legitimatea ground for Himto qualify His kindnesstoward some, as the desire to create thebest of all possible worlds.

His creatingall of them must have the resultthat some ofthem are less happy than they might otherwisehave been. Andthey need not be the best of all possible creatures,or includedin the best of all possible worlds, in order for this qualificationof His kindnessto be consistentwith His perfectgoodness.

His being perfectlygood because even a perfectlygood moral agent may be led, by otherconsiderationsofsufficientweight,to qualifyhis kindnessor beneficencetoward some person

"God has wronged me by not followingthe principleof refrainingfromcreatingany world in which thereis a creaturethat would have been happier in another world He could havemade." This also is an unreasonable complaint. For if God fol-lowed the stated principle, He would not create any world thatlacked characteristic(3). And we are assumingthat no world lessexcellent than the best possible would have characteristic (s).

complaint might express a claim to specialtreatmen

the whole

For none ofthem would have been benefitedby His creatingany otherworld instead

None ofthe individualcreaturesin it would existin thebest of all possibleworlds.(2) None ofthecreaturesin it has a lifewhichis so miserableon the wholethatit would be betterforthatcreatureifit had neverexisted.(3) Every individualcreaturein the world is at least ashappyon the wholeas it would have been in any otherpossibleworldin whichit could have existed.

theycan onlybe creaturesthatexistin theworldHe hascreated.

i) It mightbe claimed that a creatorwould necessarilywrongsomeone (violate someone'srights),or be less kind tosomeonethana perfectlygood moralagentmustbe, ifhe know-inglycreateda less excellentworldinsteadof the best that hecould. Or (2) it mightbe claimedthateven ifno one would bewrongedor treatedunkindlyby thecreationofan inferiorworld,the creator'schoice of an inferiorworldmustmanifesta defectof character

rejectionof (P) is consistentwithJudeo-Christianreligiousethics

assumethat weare workingwith standardsof moral goodnesswhich are notutilitaria

act-utilitari

evenif thereis a best among possibleworlds,Godcouldcreateanotherinsteadofit,and stillbe perfectlygood.

sake of argumentthatthereis one

Forthe existenceof no createdworldat all would surelybe a less excellentstateof affairsthan the existenceof some of the worlds that God could hav

And ifthereis no maximumdegreeof perfectionamong possibleworlds,it would be unrea-sonable to blame God, or thinkless highlyof His goodness,because He createda worldless excellentthan He could havecreated

The bestworldthatan omnipotentGod could createis the bestofall logicallypossibleworlds

If a perfectlygood moral agent createdany world atall, it would have to be the verybest world that hecould create

justice is doing one’s own work and not meddling with what isn’tone’s own

hunters

ew people who are born with the best natures and receive thebest education

Now, one finds all kinds of diverse desires, pleasures, and pains, mostlyin children, women, household slaves, and in those of the inferior majority cwho are called free.

master of himself

Moderation is surely a kind of order, the mastery of certain kinds ofpleasures and desires

effective detergents as pleasure, pain, fear,and desire

I don’t think that the courage or cowardice of its other citizenswould cause the city itself

Then, a whole city established according to nature would be wise becauseof the smallest class and part in it, namely, the governing or ruling one.And to this class, which seems to be by nature the smallest, belongs ashare of the knowledge that alone among all the other kinds of knowledge 429is to be called wisdom

If not, they’ll spend their lives enacting a lot of other laws and thenamending them, believing that in this way they’ll attain the best

It isn’t appropriate to dictate to men who are fine and good.

who is either good or the opposit

I think it’s foolish to legislate about such things. Verbal or written decreeswill never make them come about or las

lawlessness

shouldn’t be praised,

against any innovationin music and poetry or in physical training that is counter to the establishedorder. And t

ood education and upbringing, when they are preserved, producegood natures, and useful natures, who are in turn well educated, growup even better than their predecessors, both in their offspring and in otherrespects, just like other animal

reasonable

they are all insignificant

directed

guardians is inferior, he must be sent off to join theother citizens and that, if the others have an able offspring, he must jointhe guardians.

We have no use for gold or silver, and it isn’t lawful for us to dpossess them, so join us in this war, and you can take the property ofthose who oppose us for yourselves.” Do you think that anyone hearingthis would choose to fight hard, lean dogs, rather than to join them infighting fat and tender sheep

warrior-athletes fighting against rich men

So poverty and wealth make a craftsman and his products worse

persuade

believed to be guardians butare not,

one of the 421others would keep to the patterns of work that give rise to a city.

kindof happiness that would make them something other than guardians