English-Spanish code- switching is now “common in schools throughout the Los Angeles Unified School District . . . and [is] also becoming increasingly common in school districts nationwide, as demographic shifts and changing immigration patterns continue to significantly reshape the nation’s linguistic landscape”

Increasing immigration a factor in the increasing prevalence of codeswitching; changing immigration patterns shape policy?

— oe has been the language of a small but ower Miecity onc ens imperialism and colonization, with class, gender, a Benge i. ness . education operating as gatekeeping devices, the ae oe ee Circle communities is to democratize the a — nglish.

Alludes to idea that context of english's history in outer circle presents challenge for interantional community to "democratize" english (i.e. greater access to education, government, etc.

According to author; english part of larger problem of globalization; relates to idea of homogenization (Kachru and Smith)

EIL advocates- "language, instead of creating barriers, or upholding systems of membership and exclusion, should promote cooperation and understanding between peoples from different walks of life" (p. 42) -no such thing as equal playing field for languores; uneven power distributed to english