One way to aid establishment of slow‐growing plant species is through adding soil amendments to prairie restorations before planting. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualisms with the roots of most terrestrial plants and are particularly important for the growth of slow‐growing prairie plant species.

Sneed experimental plots treated with fire, grazing and fire+grazing as restoration methods shows significantly higher hyphal colonization at the plots grazed by cattle (38.14±4.87%) compared to control plots (23.44±0.94%) and plots treated with fire+grazing combined (27.78±2.01%).

Clinton and Edith Sneed Environmental Research Area

Despite disagreement about the role of fly-ways in limiting viral spread among wild birds (17,18), therapid spatial diffusion and transmission of HPAIV in wildand domestic birds highlight the need to further investigatethe processes involved in viral emergence and spread.

The timing and direction of this virus’sdissemination, which coincided with waterfowl migra-tion patterns, together with phylogenetic and geospatialdata (3,4) support the hypothesis that Gs/GD H5N8 clade2.3.4.4 was introduced into North America through theBeringian Crucible via intercontinental movement ofmigratory waterfowl (5,6).

Analysis of globallycirculating Gs/GD-lineage H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 virusesshowed a widespread distribution and confirmed that thelineage causing the outbreak in North America probablyresulted from a single introduction (online Technical Ap-pendix Table 2, Figure 1).

bird banding