The change in free energy, Δ𝐺ΔG\Delta G, is equal to the sum of the enthalpy plus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system.
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- Sep 2025
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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London dispersion forces, in all the molecules, including the nonpolar molecules. The electron cloud around atoms is not all the time symmetrical around the nuclei. It temporarily sways to one side or the other, generating a transient dipole. The transient dipole induces a dipole in the neighboring. A transient dipole-induced dipole interaction, called London dispersion force or wander Wall’s force, is established between the neighboring molecules
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When the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is moderate to zero, i.e., usually less than 1.9, the bonding electrons are shared
they remain the middle because the sides/atoms of the compound/molecule are continually having a tug of war. (Because one side isn't the very strongest/most electronegative, like in polar molecules)
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electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is large, i.e., more than 1.9 in most cases, the bonding electrons completely transfer from a more electropositive atom to a more electronegative atom creating a cation and an anion,
When do electrons switch from one atom to another?
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When the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is moderate to zero, i.e., usually less than 1.9, the bonding electrons are shared
they remain the middle because the sides/atoms of the compound/molecule are continually having a tug of war. (Because one side isn't the very strongest/most electronegative, like in polar molecules)
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