8.9. Bibliography# [h1] Web tracking. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1181294364. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_tracking&oldid=1181294364 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h2] Kurt Wagner. This is how Facebook collects data on you even if you don’t have an account. Vox, April 2018. URL: https://www.vox.com/2018/4/20/17254312/facebook-shadow-profiles-data-collection-non-users-mark-zuckerberg (visited on 2023-12-05). [h3] API. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187436026. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=API&oldid=1187436026 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h4] Ilya (Marshal) Siamionau. Getting Started: The AT Protocol SDK. 2024. URL: https://atproto.blue/readme.html (visited on 2025-04-03). [h5] Ilya (Marshal) Siamionau. Client - atproto. 2024. URL: https://atproto.blue/atproto_client/client.html (visited on 2025-04-03). [h6] Atproto/examples at main · MarshalX/atproto. 2025. URL: MarshalX/atproto (visited on 2025-04-03). [h7] AT Protocol. 2025. URL: https://atproto.com/ (visited on 2025-04-03). [h8] Everything Everywhere All at Once. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188074672. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything_Everywhere_All_at_Once&oldid=1188074672 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h9] Jordan Pearson. Your Friends’ Online Connections Can Reveal Your Sexual Orientation. Vice, September 2014. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/gvydky/your-friends-online-connections-can-reveal-your-sexual-orientation (visited on 2023-12-05). [h10] Catherine Stinson. The Dark Past of Algorithms That Associate Appearance and Criminality. American Scientist, January 2021. URL: https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-dark-past-of-algorithms-that-associate-appearance-and-criminality (visited on 2023-12-05). [h11] Greg Miller. Researchers are tracking another pandemic, too—of coronavirus misinformation. Science, March 2020. URL: https://www.science.org/content/article/researchers-are-tracking-another-epidemic-too-misinformation (visited on 2023-12-05). [h12] eleanor [@zornsllama]. Blue line: daily COVID cases in the USA red line: bad reviews of Yankee Candles on Amazon saying "they don't have any scent" sources: google and https://t.co/oZm6ro0E1S. December 2021. URL: https://twitter.com/zornsllama/status/1473575508784955394 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h13] Spurious relationship. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184161183. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spurious_relationship&oldid=1184161183 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h14] Tyler Vigen. Spurious correlations. November 2023. URL: http://tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations (visited on 2023-12-05). [h15] ABC News: 538. 2023. URL: https://abcnews.go.com/538 (visited on 2023-12-05). [h16] FiveThirtyEight. 2023. URL: https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/p-hacking/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h17] Christie Aschwanden. Science Isn’t Broken. FiveThirtyEight, August 2015. URL: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h18] Dan Sabbagh. Trump 2016 campaign 'targeted 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting'. The Guardian, September 2020. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/28/trump-2016-campaign-targeted-35m-black-americans-to-deter-them-from-voting (visited on 2023-12-05). [h19] Marie C. Baca. Housing companies used Facebook’s ad system to discriminate against older people, according to new human rights complaints. Washington Post, September 2020. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/18/housing-companies-used-facebooks-ad-system-discriminate-against-older-people-according-new-human-rights-charges/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h20] Nicole Nguyen. Here's Who Facebook Thinks You Really Are. September 2016. Section: Tech. URL: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nicolenguyen/facebook-ad-preferences-pretty-accurate-tbh (visited on 2024-01-30). 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URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7dvy9/spamming-kelloggs-job-applications-strike (visited on 2023-12-05). [h26] Antiwork: Unemployment for all, not just the rich! 2023. URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/antiwork/ (visited on 2023-12-05). [h27] Karen Hao. How to poison the data that Big Tech uses to surveil you. MIT Technology Review, March 2021. URL: https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/05/1020376/resist-big-tech-surveillance-data/ (visited on 2023-12-05).

Social Media platforms use the data they collect on users and infer about users to increase their power and increase their profits. One of the main goals of social media sites is to increase the time users are spending on their social media sites. The more time users spend, the more money the site can get from ads, and also the more power and influence those social media sites have over those users. So social media sites use the data they collect to try and figure out what keeps people using their site, and what can they do to convince those users they need to open it again later. Social media sites then make their money by selling targeted advertising, meaning selling ads to specific groups of people with specific interests. So, for example, if you are selling spider stuffed animal toys, most people might not be interested, but if you could find the people who want those toys and only show your ads to them, your advertising campaign might be successful, and those users might be happy to find out about your stuffed animal toys. But targeting advertising can be used in less ethical ways, such as targeting gambling ads at children, or at users who are addicted to gambling, or the 2016 Trump campaign ‘target[ing] 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting’ [h18].

Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design Justice : Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. The MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2 978-0-262-04345-8. URL: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78577 (visited on 2023-12-15), doi:10.7551/mitpress/12255.001.0001.

Think for a minute about consequentialism. On this view, we should do whatever results in the best outcomes for the most people. One of the classic forms of this approach is utilitarianism, which says we should do whatever maximizes ‘utility’ for most people. Confusingly, ‘utility’ in this case does not refer to usefulness, but to a sort of combo of happiness and wellbeing. When a utilitarian tries to decide how to act, they take stock of all the probable outcomes, and what sort of ‘utility’ or happiness will be brought about for all parties involved. This process is sometimes referred to by philosophers as ‘utility calculus’. When I am trying to calculate the expected net utility gain from a projected set of actions, I am engaging in ‘utility calculus’ (or, in normal words, utility calculations).

Sean Cole. Inside the weird, shady world of click farms. January 2024. URL: https://www.huckmag.com/article/inside-the-weird-shady-world-of-click-farms (visited on 2024-03-07).

As a final example, we wanted to tell you about Microsoft Tay a bot that got corrupted. In 2016, Microsft launched a Twitter bot that was intended to learn to speak from other Twitter users and have conversations. Twitter users quickly started tweeting racist comments at Tay, which Tay learned from and started tweeting out within one day. Read more about what went wrong from Vice How to Make a Bot That Isn’t Racist [c14]

As a social media user, we hope you learn how social media sites influence you, from how your data gets used or abused, to how harassment and spam bots operate, to how platforms manipulate your emotions and mental state. We hope you could then be a more knowledgeable consumer and participant on social media sites. As a member of a society that is influenced by social media, we hope you learn about the societal impact of automated social media systems, and how those systems are designed under different economic, social, and governmental pressures. We hope you could then be more knowledgeable in what you might advocate for or vote for in how social media sites operate.

Confucianism# Sources [b13] [b14] [b15] [b16] Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society. Key figures: Confucius [b13]~500, China Mencius [b17] ~350, China Xunzi [b18] ~300 BCE, China