includingmembers of the Committee of Peasant Unity (CUC) – participated in anoccupation of the Spanish embassy in Guatemala City, demanding thatmilitary abuses be investigated:
Follow up to the previous annotation above ^ further emphasizing how the personal murders and attacks on villages is one of the fueling reasons behind revolutionary movements
In the predominantly indigenous department of El Quichéalone, 168 cooperative or village leaders – mainly ethnic Ixils – were killedbetween 1976 and 1978 (Handy 1984: 244). Over one hundred men,women, and children were massacred in the town of Panzós in May 1978,after gathering to protest evictions from nearby lands
the events fueling revolutionary movements supersedes any materialistic conditions as described by goodwin (economics, etc) this emphasizes how the opposition to the state is deeply ingrained in conflicts as described (murdering village members/leaders) which leads to revolution against the state and army. As expected, murdering one's own family and friends is hard to defend, and understandably a driving force behind revolutionary movements in central america.
A highly concentrated pattern of land ownership, which has led not only to widespread landlessness and land poverty, but also tomassive urban migration, extensive under- and unemployment, andendemic poverty
direct connection to the discontent amongst the peasant masses, which are known to be a function of some revolutionary movements (ie el salvador). very important in explaining how and why peasants form their negative view of the state and why they chose to side with the opposition.
More generally, my state-centered analysis accords with the new insti-tutionalism in emphasizing the causal importance of institutionalized prac-tices as opposed to broad “social forces” or abstractly defined “variables”such as class or dependency.
the key point in Goodwins argument. It is fair to say that materialistic conditions like class conflict and economic issues are fragments of the causes behind the revolutions in central america, however Goodwin emphasizes that the political institutions within nations have roles that shape the discontent within the masses, leading to a more nuanced understanding of what causes revolutionary movements in central america.
Despite the apparent gains, import substitution industrialization was both unsustain-able over time and produced high economic and social costs.
the failure in ISI long-term may be seen in the general instability of latin american infrastructures and governments. the consumption of products will always be apparent, however the levels of consumption may be affected by the political and economic instability, thus inhibiting ISI to be a long-term plan in latin america
Import substitution created forces for thedevelopment of an urban middle class, which demanded infrastructure entitlementsin public utilities such as water and sewage systems.
took place in Brazil during the ISI movement, since there was a peak in development in the absence of class conflict, thus allowing for the fruition of urban working people
In the case of Mexico in1970, the effective rate of protection—the nominal tariff rate adjusted for the pro-tection also present in the purchase of intermediate goods used to produce the finalgood—was as high as 671 percent for fertilizer and insecticides, 226 percent forsynthetic fertilizers, 206 percent for pharmaceuticals, 102 percent for automobiles,and 67 percent for electrical equipment.
rates of protectionism in this scenario can be explained to the demographics behind Mexico. Mexico had a large population and market for the consumption of domestic goods. Combined with high tarrifs, they were forced to tax imports to ensure money was funded back to the gov.
2011 interview with Playboy, Bolsonaro said that he “would be inca-pable of loving a homosexual son” and would prefer that his son “died in an accident” before “show(ing) up with some bloke with a moustache.” In 2017, he claimed that quilombolas(residents of communities formed by de-scendants of escaped slaves) were “not even good enough for procreation.”
Very controversial political figure; eerily similar to trump's behavior in the media. However, I can understand how Bolsonaro appeals to an audience who doesn't care much for PC behavior
I prefer to call real Id systems that are closest to the upper right corner olyarchie
good point, I may even agree with it to a degree. many countries claim to be a democracy, however, achieving that idealistic form of government can be very difficult in the face of systemic pressures that don't allow certain people the same rights as others
the extent of the "suffrage" or, more generally, the right to participate indicates only one charac-teristic of systems, a characteristic that cannot be interpreted except in the context of other characteristics,
this is incredibly important when analyzing the extent of democracy within a country, and puts into perspective how the idea of suffrage is just the scratching the surface when considering what makes a country a democracy. This is also very important when considering the current situation of Latin American countries, and how they share similarities in being countries with symbolic democracies, but having corrupt past histories
When a regime grants this right to some of its citizens, it moves toward greater public con-testation. But the larger the proportion of citizens who enjoy the right, the more inclusive the regime.
very interesting take on how a regime can manipulate the right to vote to influence the people, and more than ever reminds me of the time in america where the majority of the country's population couldn't vote (including, but not limited to black citizens and women).
Many Europeans would argue thatU.S.-style efficiency comes at the price of social justice and that theyare happy to be in quadrant II rather than quadrant I.
this may explain why european countries have many more social initiatives/programs that benefit their citizens (universal healthcare, free college/education, lack of exclusive private education, etc)
there is another sense in which the United Stateslives under a very strong state. The eminent German sociologist MaxWeber famously defined the state as “a human community that (success-fully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force withina given territory.
very interesting viewpoint on how American politics/government is run, especially in this time of age where people are beginning to question the roles of police officers and whether or not they are adequately/responsibly protecting our rights and lives.
anotherimportant aspect is the government capacity to manage health programs
this makes me wonder how the implications of COVID have affected these same countries, since COVID is much easier to spread and infect people than AIDS. Has the AIDS epidemic pushed sub-Saharan African countries to reinforce their healthcare system in time for Covid?
Joseph de Acosta (1880, (1) 171) in 1590 said that between Peru and Brazil, there were "waies as much beaten as those betwixt Salamanca and Valladolid."
This defies the expectations European explorers had coming into the South America, previously noted by Denevan. The indigenous people's incredible ability to build and organize their civilizations proved their sustainability as empires/nations
In the Rfo Negro region, species-diversity recovery takes 60-80 years and biomass recov-ery 140-200 years
Wow that is insane. Environment damage that can take a couple of days to complete can potentially take hundreds of years to recover from...
burning not only main-tained open forest and small meadows but also encouraged fire-tolerant and sun-loving spe-cies
an example of the environmental effects of human-intervention, and how its linked to the well-being of inhabitants, ie. the introduction of new fruit and vegetable species
iceroyalty ofPeru, which encompassed Panama and all of the Spanish possessions in SouthAmerica except part of Venezuela.
the predecessor to many modern south american countries today (peru, chile, colombia, argentina, etc.)
These were places withtowns and cities that had good access to news from the New World.
very interesting perspective as to why people emigrated from Spain. The simple basic of rumors and news from the New World was enough to push people to leave
for the church had its own vast territories and commandedconsiderable influence over all important political affairs and socioculturalevents
indicates the role religion has in spain's process of colonialism; very central as to why/how the Spaniards justify their actions