giant multinational companies
Are corporations needed for globalization?
giant multinational companies
Are corporations needed for globalization?
and intervention into minority cultural groups without drawing on the voices of minority women themselves may not best serve their interests.
Does the real issue lie with "grouping" and categorizing people in the first place? This section of the article seems to explore individual issues and what happens when a person does not fully conform to the group to which they are assigned.
aims at a more inclusive conception of justice; both challenge the traditional liberal assumption that equality requires identical treatment.
basically to deviate from the generally accepted norm?
Multicultural theorists have focused on inequalities between groups in arguing for special protections for minority groups, but group-based protections can exacerbate inequalities within minority groups.
Discrimination and inequality definitely exists within the minority groups, this is an important perspective.
Barry argues that justice is only concerned with ensuring a reasonable range of equal opportunities and not with ensuring equal access to any particular choices or outcomes (2001, 37).
What is a "reasonable range"?
States should not pursue “cultural integration” or “cultural engineering” but rather a “politics of indifference” toward minority groups
Taking the responsibility away from the governing powers, but can we trust that the native people will do it on their own?
What people need are cultural materials, not access to a particular cultural structure.
What are "cultural materials"? Would this just be exposure to facets of a culture, as in learning about events and customs?
Reckoning with history is crucial.
The same historical account is written differently from various cultural perspectives, so should these variations be included when taking in the history of a nation as a whole?
tribal sovereignty
"Tribal sovereignty refers to tribes' right to govern themselves, define their own membership, manage tribal property, and regulate tribal business and domestic relations; it further recognizes the existence of a government-to-government relationship between such tribes and the federal government."
from: civilrights.org
terms of integration through mostly temporary measures
What does integration entail?
(“extrinsic burden”). While intrinsic
The introduction of "extrinsic" vs. "intrinsic" is something I haven't fully considered before.
it has a normalizing effect,
Is this a form of colonialism? What would this be called?
Why not just enforce antidiscrimination laws, stopping short of any positive accommodations for minority groups?
I believe that both are necessary until the community has reached the point where one or both are no longer needed.
Kymlicka suggests that the inequality stemming from membership in a minority culture is unchosen (just as the inequality stemming from one's native talents and social starting position in life are unchosen).
This is true, we do not have control over where or when we are born.
the Pueblo membership rule that excludes the children of women who marry outside the group.
Is it still considered a cruel act when the group is doing it to themselves, or is it thought of as part of their "culture"?
restrictions on the use of the English language in Quebec.
This is an interesting concept, that would be inviting tourists and newcomers to adapt more quickly rather than depending on their mother tongue to communicate in a foreign country.
Language and religion are at the heart of many claims for cultural accommodation by immigrants.
Which makes sense because these are areas of knowledge that they can freely bring to their destination.
Mere toleration of group differences is said to fall short of treating members of minority groups as equal citizens;
What differentiates "toleration" from equality exactly? It seems that there would have to be a baseline for each group member to start from in order to be treating one another the same way. Tolerating to one person could mean equality to another. These terms would be culturally relevant as well, inclusion is a broad spectrum.
Invention is perhaps the most arduous effort of the mind; this branch of imagination hath been particularly ceded to us, and we have been time out of mind invested with that creative faculty
There is so much untapped creative potential in the world, but creativity is a process that is not typically easy.
I know there is a contrary extreme, and I would, in almost all cases, prefer the happy medium.
She knows this will not all change overnight, she recognizes that the society of her era will need to transition.
love, friendship and esteem, ought to take place of marriage,
I wonder how more traditional women would have processed this. What is the audience here? Is Murray looking toward a younger generation of women, or is she advocating change in the present?
throw herself away upon the first who approaches her with tenders of love
educate first, love later.
I would destroy the weapons of flattery, or render them useless, by leaving not the least room for their operation.
Leave no room for the flattery to seep in and stain your goals.
guard them against a low estimation of self.
Reminds me of a quote from Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi:
"I realized then, setting higher and higher jumps for them in the way she talked to them, in what she expected of them. She did it all the time believing they would scale the rod. And they did."
and of course it behoves us to render our appearance as pleasing as possible:
sarcasm?
expatiate
adding detail to clear things up
true meaning,
Look past the façade of compliments from men, or anyone for that matter. Learn that there must be a focus and a determination that cannot be deterred by hollow remarks. Remember that the world has a set idea of beauty and how women should achieve, and that this set path is tempting. It is not the only path.
how mortifying should this be all, if, upon a more extensive knowledge you should be discovered to possess no one mental charm, to be fit only at best, to be hung up as a pleasing picture among the paintings of some spacious hall.
To go through life without accomplishing anything but being beautiful. Reminds me of T.S. Eliot's Hollow Men, "This is the way the world ends: Not with a bang but a whimper."
you will become indeed a valuable person, you will,
Using "you will" makes Murray seem so much more assuring in terms of her daughter's future.
you must learn “to reverence yourself,” that is, your intellectual existence;
She doesn't want her daughter to rely on the adoration of others for her self-worth.
in some such language as this, she might from time to time be accosted.
Murray realizes that she cannot protect her daughter from everything.
that respect which gives birth to duty
Being treated equally is a birthright.
the dear secret,
what secret is she speaking about here?
he will exaggerate, she finds herself possessed of accomplishments which have been studiously concealed from her,
The priorities are dramatically shifted when education is neglected, and the "beautiful female" does not find a purpose or achieve what Murray knows children are able to. She's also making the point here that children are impressionable at such a young age, and the damage cannot be undone once they have grown up.
Thus I should impel them to progress on, if I could not lead them to the heights I would wish them to attain.
It is necessary to continue learning after one has left the school environment. Murray is speaking about continuing to be curious and going above what was taught in school.
laudable
Interesting definition found on wordnik.com (first search result on Google, just wanted to share):
"laudible" [sic] exercise of building "a bridge across the social and intellectual divide that exists between most of US academia and the so-called heartlands."
Merriam-Webster says this:
"Worthy of praise, commendable."
nature, not to us inclin’d,
Women had no say in the matter what their gender would be, but all of these views on women are constructed by society. On a side note, I'm enjoying (one of) the semantic field(s) in this text: "bounds", "anchor", "confin'd", "directed", "narrow".
Also, has anyone noticed that there are roughly ten syllables in each line? Does that make it a sonnet? Why would she deliberately choose to write this as a sonnet? It could be for the shock factor, many traditional sonnets did not include content such as this. Interesting how she'd choose a sonnet to 'rebel' when the form is so restricted.
Our bosoms never caught ambition’s fire;
The bosom is one of the most defining features of a woman, something to be celebrated, yet it limits women in society. A body part that is meant to nurture is suddenly harmful?
But cutting off the Scalps of the Ten Wretches,
For some reason, part of me doubts the Natives just let this happen without any resistance or fight whatsoever. If there was enough of them to make a town or collect in one place, at least some of them would have woken up? Then again, never underestimate the element of surprise.
Rendezvouz of Salvages, which they call, a Town,
They can never win, how is forming a town bad?
they dash'd out the Brains of the Infant, against a Tree;
Why are we all of a sudden believing his account when he speaks about the Natives? It all sounds just as ridiculous as the stories about the witches to me. Still an untrustworthy narrative.
Courageous Resolution
This isn't courageous of him at all! When I first read this, I interpreted it as he had a change of heart and couldn't set one child apart from the others, but it appears that he simply couldn't tell them apart! Playing God isn't courageous, I'm glad he had to stay.
Remarkable Occurrences
When is a regular occurrence not remarkable to Mathers?
This Rampant Hag
Geez Mathers, tell us how you really feel.
confessed her share in this Witchcraft,
They've all picked safe methods of confession, hiding behind Carrier yet still revoking their sins in the process.
but was then struck deaf,
Oh nooo, cut off from all of the lies!
greatly swollen, and very painful; as also part of her Face; whereof she can give no account how[Pg 158] it came.
I wonder...it was so easy back then to spin these stories and not be refuted, but would the a similar situation be the least bit possible with technology nowadays? How can so many people at once be moved to gang up on particular people with no proof? It seems unthinkable in modern context. There were no photographs, only the spoken and written word of others. I truly would like to have known what went through some of their minds.
which without any known cause quickly fell down and dy’d.
Anything that was devoid of knowledge or explanation was blamed on the "witches". Clearly none of these people want to take responsibility for their own shortcomings as keepers of cows.
whereof no natural causes could be given.
How far did they really investigate it?
whereof no natural causes could be given.
How far did they really investigate it?
from which very Day he began to mend, and so grew better every Day, and is well ever since.
Such convenient timing.
unto Death’s Door,
Because the Doc cut a bunch of holes in him!
and put him to very great Misery:
So in Mather's narrative, things that probably weren't a big deal (such as a sore on the foot) get the utmost gore and attention, whereas truly painful endeavors just get a "meh" response. "Very great misery" probably doesn't even begin to cover the agony he must have been in.
Gallons of Corruption
Seems like there was more corruption than the actual sore. Proportions?
Nevertheless, this Evidence was not produced against
How did they define "evidence"?
They related Place, Time, Occasion; they gave an account of Journeys, Meetings and Mischiefs
Seems a bit too well-thought out and constructed, is it possible some of the children were coached?
That upon the mention of some having their Necks twisted almost round,
Shocking, people in the room turn into demons or perhaps owls.
Moreover the Look of Carrier then laid the Afflicted People for dead;
There is a crystal clear separation here, very "us" and "them" oriented.
but that upon the[Pg 155] binding of Carrier they were eased.
Mob mentality! It was all an act.
or her Shape,
Shapeshifter? Dehumanizing language.
against New-England,
He's made it abundantly clear up to this point that he's doing everyone a favor by writing this.
a Satan
Interesting that he chose to say "a" Satan rather than just "Satan". I suppose this makes sense if everyone is being prosecuted as the devil at this time, there are buckets of sinners that make up the devil as a whole, right?
wherewith I have composed what is now going to be exposed, lest I should in any one thing miss of doing my designed Service for his Glory
He makes this narrative appear as if it's his only purpose in life, or his ultimate mission.
shooting amongst them, and entered ye forte with all speed; and those yt first entered found sharp resistance from the enimie,
A massacre
Conightecutte,
Connecticut?
but fire their houses, kill their katle, and lye in ambush for them as they went abroad upon their occasions; and all this they might easily doe without any or litle danger to them selves.
Cutting them off and waiting, smart move.
both men & women, to ye great terrour of ye rest; and wente away in great prid & triumph, with many high threats.
There is a clear separation between the "wild" of the forest and the tame agriculture. Forests were considered to be sinful during this time period.
joyntly to write to him, and in a freindly & neigborly way to admonish him to forbear these courses, & sent a messenger with their letters to bring his answer.
I doubt very much that this was a "friendly" piece of writing.
how many both Dutch & English have been latly slaine by those Indeans,
Is he conveniently forgetting how many Native Americans were slain by Europeans?!
and live but at ye Indeans mercie.
Again, I feel that he's leaving out crucial bits of the story, and he continues to portray Native Americans as less than human and evil.
Indeans are full of peeces all over, both fouling peeces, muskets, pistols, &c. They have also their moulds to make shotte, of all sorts, as muskett bulletts, pistoll bullets, swane & gose shote, & of smaler sorts
The Native Americans are now armed with white man weapons.
they call it Merie-mounte, [160] as if this joylity would have lasted ever.
Suggests that it won't last forever.
composed sundry rimes & verses,
Another form of literature besides the bible?! How modern of him.
gott much by trading with ye Indeans,
Once religion is removed from the equation, they seem to prosper.
but forct him to seeke bread to eate, and other releefe from his neigbours,
demean him in every way possible
And so assigned to every family a parcell of land
Land that was not theirs to begin with!
In ye end, they came to that misery, that some starved & dyed with could & hunger…
Painting a ruthless portrait of Native Americans.
these people
Although they are working together as one machine, he continues to refer to them as "these" people. I doubt that separation term will change.
That when ther men came to them, they should leave their bows & arrows behind them.
The white men are probably allowed to keep their weapons with them though...
Let it also be considred what weake hopes of supply & succoure they left behinde them, yt might bear up their minds in this sade condition and trialls they were under; and they could not but be very smale.
It was a difficult trip for them all, yet they pressed on...
Besids, what could they see but a hidious & desolate wildernes, full of wild beasts & willd men?
Fear of the unknown prevails again, are they not just as wild men themselves for embarking on this trip in the first place?
kindled a fire and burned him.
"The master's tools dismantling the master's house"
getting your weapons.
symbolic castration: punishment for abuses, impotent without his sword. Phallic imagery.
My gods have put a heart into me to enter your home.
Dutiful, sees past the fog.
people it was their duty to do away with the enemy.
why is the full responsibility shifted to them?
full moon.
not entirely sure what the significance of the full moon is in Native American culture, but they could have also chosen this time to have more light during the event itself.
very angry.
rightfully so!
but it was noticed that he always chose the men who had pretty wives.
that's not very priestly of him.
He called it idol worship and burned up all the ceremonial things in the plaza.
Yet the Spanish are outraged when the Natives burn their Christian things.
They were so scared that they could do nothing but allow themselves to be made slaves.
The Spanish probably used their many technologies to convince them.
told the people that they had much more power than all their chiefs and a whole lot more power than the witches.
building them up to break them all down.
I was so short of provisions and of everything else that at best I should have had a little maize for six days or so.
A little self-centered here, again relaying the story in order to make himself look more heroic.
kingdom,
Whose kingdom is it?
I immediately had water given to the cattle, the horses, and the people.
How thoughtful of him.
Considering that the best strength and armor were prayers to appease the divine wrath,
Setting it up so it seems the odds are not in his favor, which will ultimately paint him in glory later.
and the scoffing and ridicule which the wretched and miserable Indian rebels made of the sacred things
Never mind your homes being on fire, the churches must be saved.
above all we suffered from thirst, as we were already oppressed by it
It's strange how as a modern audience we tend to feel less sympathy toward the colonists, and pity the American Indians more. If another colonist of that time were to read this very same passage, they would see the Natives as villains.
The Indians were so dexterous
What an atrocious thought to defend ones own home!
attempt to destroy us,
they were destroyed first!
as if daring me to attack them.
This makes it seem as if they're trying to provoke, the Natives have already been provoked themselves, and it's conveniently left out that they did not always act this way.
be pardoned;
There has to be a catch of some sort here, I doubt they would be fully pardoned.
he himself had escaped miraculously.
Interesting coincidence that he saved himself.
whom we re- leased
the narrative makes it seem like the Native Americans were "released back into the wild", like animals. Speaks volumes about how the Westerners viewed the indigenous peoples.
palmitos like those of Spain.
A home away from home, making new location like the old one for purposes of familiarity.
This indicates that the Glooskap voyage meant a trip to heaven.
Why on earth was it so difficult to get there?
qwah-beet,
the incorporation of the indigenous language slightly deepens the understanding of the culture.
heard what had been done by the animals,
could their friendliness have anything to do with the fact that they need the extra CO2 to survive? Must an organism be lacking a brain in order to be considered fully "good"?
tore him with their teeth and claws,
opposition is not tolerated even in the meekest of forms.
these people are in nowise worthy of my son,
she is deciding this about her own people, she feels entitled.
it would drop dead
it is terrifying to wield that amount of power.
The Peyote people see them.
Why can these roads only be seen under the influence of peyote?
O medicine,
What is this medicine meant to be curing?
It was the middle of the night when I got frightened,
There is a certain kind of honesty that goes hand in hand with the deepest fears.
four participants.
I wonder why they chose the number "four" for this ritual.
At about midnight
It is intriguing that a specific time is given here, it creates an element of inevitability.
If the study appears easy, something is wrong-for it is truly difficult to cross the boundaries of culture and time and class and language and see the world through another's eyes.
While the method of exclusion is awful and unwarranted, it isn't totally nonsensical since so much history was omitted in the past. This makes it more difficult to collect an ample amount of information.
their language, organization, style, and points of emphasis give greater testimony to the popular fashion of American litera- ture than they do to the indigenous rules of expression of the "teller."
Everyone is contributing to the prosperity of the foreign culture, creating a culture of becoming hybrid and confused.
basis of every indigenous thought pattern.
It's interesting how these imposed treatments transcend through generations of the culture. Eventually these dispositions become imprinted.
Still other novelists have virtually built their careers on books about "the Indian world" and how to understand it.
Is it possible for people outside of the culture to FULLY understand that culture? Does having direct familial roots change this?
Sense and sensibility, however, often give way to the dictates of power,
Marginalization is decided upon by those who can manipulate a given society.
Such a laissez-faire attitude towards cultural pluralism was in sharp contrast to the historical experience of most European societies.
Europeans were accustomed to imposing their ways on colonies around the world.
THE ORIGIN OF DISEASE AND MEDICINE.
Colonizers and explorers treated the Native Americans as if they were nothing more than animals; everything less than human. Native Americans reacted much in the same ways the animals did, and perhaps the explorers i.e. foreigners in North America represent both the animals and the plants simultaneously. They appeared to nurture the Native Americans at first, but soon inflicted pain and torture on their world. The Westerners played God just as the animals and Native Americans in this story did. Unnatural death in itself is sinister, but there does not seem to be a solution apart from considering every walk of life to be equal.
could all talk,
does the 'talking' aspect make animals more equal to humans?
used their skins for his own adornment,
makes it seem more ludicrous than necessary. Unnatural death always has a consequence, trade-off?
the hunter does not even ask the bear's pardon when he kills one.
can the taking of a life be justified by need?
voted in favor of his death.
the way the story is told makes the notion of killing humans less sinister.
biliousness
(18th, 19th c)bad digestion, stomach pains, constipation. The amount of bile is said to be determined by the severity of each of these.