Social Identity Theory StagesSocial Identity Theory StagesTajfel and Turner (1979) proposed that there are three mental processes involved in evaluating others as “us” or “them” (i.e. “in-group” and “out-group”. These take place in a particular order.CategorizationThe first is categorization. We categorize objects in order to understand them and identify them. In a very similar way we categorize people (including ourselves) in order to understand the social environment.  We use social categories like black, white, Australian, Christian, Muslim, student, and bus driver because they are useful. var _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____ = function(name) {return (self._wb_wombat && self._wb_wombat.local_init && self._wb_wombat.local_init(name)) || self[name]; }; if (!self.__WB_pmw) { self.__WB_pmw = function(obj) { this.__WB_source = obj; return this; } } { let window = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("window"); let self = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("self"); let document = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("document"); let location = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("location"); let top = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("top"); let parent = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("parent"); let frames = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("frames"); let opener = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("opener"); {if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-banner-1-0')}; }}If we can assign people to a category then that tells us things about those people, and as we saw with the bus driver example, we couldn't function in a normal manner without using these categories; i.e. in the context of the bus. Similarly, we find out things about ourselves by knowing what categories we belong to.  We define appropriate behavior by reference to the norms of groups we belong to, but you can only do this if you can tell who belongs to your group. An individual can belong to many different groups.Social IdentificationIn the second stage, social identification, we adopt the identity of the group we have categorized ourselves as belonging to.If for example you have categorized yourself as a student, the chances are you will adopt the identity of a student and begin to act in the ways you believe students act (and conform to the norms of the group).There will be an emotional significance to your identification with a group, and your self-esteem will become bound up with group membership.Social ComparisonThe final stage is social comparison.  Once we have categorized ourselves as part of a group and have identified with that group we then tend to compare that group with other groups. If our self-esteem is to be maintained our group needs to compare favorably with other groups.This is critical to understanding prejudice, because once two groups identify themselves as rivals, they are forced to compete in order for the members to maintain their self-esteem.Competition and hostility between groups is thus not only a matter of competing for resources (like in Sherif’s Robbers Cave) like jobs but also the result of competing identities.

 In many cases it becomes clear that it is the parents who want to win. Parents want the dopamine thrill of winning, the heady rush that adults feel with success.  Winning, even for spectators (and the research was done only on males), gives a testosterone surge, and losing actually lowers hormone levels.  As parents we so identify with our kids that their success quickly becomes our own.  As spectators, parents seek confirmation even at the earliest stages that great athletic possibilities exist for their child:  a better team, starting spot, varsity experience or college scholarship.

After Christian Pulisic netted the would-be game winner off a penalty in the 114th minute and ran to the corner to celebrate with the rest of his teammates, Giovanni Reyna was hit in the face with an object as fans in the stands threw items such as cups and water bottles onto the field.Reyna, who scored the USMNT's first goal in the first half, laid on the ground for several minutes before walking off the field with trainers.Minutes later, Mexico striker Henry Martin was also struck by a cup thrown from the stands during a stop in play. He remained in the game.As the game neared its conclusion, a fan ran onto the field before being tackled and escorted off the field by security personnel.

The list of racist incidents in hockey is too long to detail in full, and it’s not limited to the professional game — they are depressingly common at the youth level, too. After the incident in Chicago in 2018, Smith-Pelly reflected on how little has changed since O’Ree broke the color barrier more than 60 years ago. “[O’Ree] had to go through a lot, and the same thing has been happening now, which obviously means there’s still a long way to go,” Smith-Pelly told the AP. “If you had pulled a quote from him back then and us now, they’re saying the same thing, so obviously there’s still a long way to go in hockey and in the world if we’re being serious.”

TM: As a Hispanic female sportswriter who covered the Dallas Cowboys in the eighties, I was disheartened to read that men, and mostly white men, still make up about 90 percent of all sportswriters today. What will it take to make the profession more diverse?<img loading="lazy" alt="kavitha-davidson" class="size-medium wp-image-643596" height="300" src="https://viahtml.hypothes.is/proxy/im_/https://img.texasmonthly.com/2020/09/kavitha-davidson.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=300&ixlib=php-1.2.1&q=45&w=240&wpsize=medium" width="240" srcset="https://viahtml.hypothes.is/proxy/https://img.texasmonthly.com/2020/09/kavitha-davidson.jpg?auto=compress&amp;crop=faces&amp;fit=scale&amp;fm=pjpg&amp;h=960&amp;ixlib=php-1.2.1&amp;q=45&amp;w=768&amp;wpsize=medium_large 768w, https://viahtml.hypothes.is/proxy/https://img.texasmonthly.com/2020/09/kavitha-davidson.jpg?auto=compress&amp;crop=faces&amp;fit=fit&amp;fm=pjpg&amp;ixlib=php-1.2.1&amp;q=45 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px"> Kavitha Davidson Damon DahlenKD: If you look at the data on editors, reporters, columnists—at both the local and national levels—the numbers are staggering and depressing. It seems like very little has changed to diversify newsrooms, and sports newsrooms are by far the worst culprits of this. And when women, or people of color, or LGBTQ folks make those inroads, it’s seen by many (not all) as an encroachment.

Aaron Rodgers is not happy with a few fans who went after his teammate. After the Green Bay Packers' loss to the Indianapolis Colts in overtime this past Sunday, wide receiver Marquez Valdes-Scantling revealed that he received death threats after committing a costly fumble. Rodgers was asked about this on the Pat McAfee Show and went after the Twitter users who attacked Valdes-Scantling."Anybody who is so distraught about this that they need to go to Twitter and talk about killing someone, I would suggest that you relax," Rodgers said. "It's a game. We're all trying our best. We're trying to entertain you, but we're also trying to do our best because we have a lot of pride in our performance. Nobody's trying to do anything to f— up our season or your precious watching experience." Chatting with @AaronRodgers12 about the @MVS__11 fumble & reaction "There's a human element to this like anybody who is so distraught about this that they need to go twitter & talk about killing someone I would suggest that you RELAX"

San Francisco police said Jonathan Denver, 24, of Fort Bragg, Calif., was wearing Dodgers gear when he and another person were attacked about 11:40 p.m. Wednesday. The incident occurred four blocks from AT&T park, where 90 minutes earlier the Giants had beaten the Dodgers 6-4.Denver died of his injuries; the other man was bruised after being beaten, police said. Two suspects have been arrested in the attack. Advertisement The incident recalled the beating of Stow, now 44, who was attacked after the Giants played the Dodgers in Los Angeles on opening day two years ago. Stow, a former paramedic and father of two, suffered severe brain trauma and now requires 24-hour care.

Spectator violence has been a part of sports since at least Roman times, when rival chariot racing fans frequently clashed. In 532 AD, a chariot race-related riot left thousands dead in Constantinople — modern Istanbul. Hooliganism is ingrained in European soccer and even appears in the Olympics, where the 1924 American rugby team was attacked with rocks and bottles and fled the field with a police escort after defeating France in Paris.

A 1999 survey found that basketball fans who identified with a particular team would be willing to injure the star of the rival team prior to the championship game, provided there was no chances of getting caught. A 2003 follow-up found that these fans would be willing to injure the rival team's star or coach after the championship game: to act purely out of hostility, rather than in an attempt to help their own team. Wann et al.'s most recent study attempts to uncover a relationship between winning or losing and willingness to commit hostile acts. They presented 120 college students with one of two hypothetical situations: imagine your favorite college basketball team has just won (or lost) a game with its biggest rival. This is the last game of the season, and there is no chance the teams will meet in the playoffs. Respondents were then asked "if you could remain completely anonymous and there was no possibility of arrest or retaliation, would you..." trip, break the leg, or murder the star player or the coach of the rival team. They used a rating scale from 1 (definitely would not) to 8 (definitely would) to indicate the likelihood of committing each of the six possible hostile acts. They also filled out questionnaires to determine how much they identified with the college team, how big a basketball fan they were, and how big a sports fan they were. While just 5 percent of respondents said they would murder an opposing player or coach, over 30 percent said they would consider tripping one or both.

Fans who become part of the game are what researchers call "high-identifying sports fans"—people whose identity is intertwined with a team. High-identifiers tend to have extreme emotions in the face of defeat, compared with average sports fans. Researchers have found a wide range of personality and social factors that influence the actions of high-identifiers. Alcohol often encourages their behavior, as does the possibility of appearing on television, says Christian End, Ph.D., assistant professor of psychology at the University of Missouri at Rolla.

Only 63 percent of U.S. soccer fans said they’d feel “comfortable” if a player on their national team came out as gay or bisexual, according to a report from the LGBT nonprofit Stonewall and the scoring app Forza Football. By contrast, 65 percent of our neighbors south of the border said they were fine with non-straight members of the team. A solid 80 percent of British soccer buffs said they weren’t bothered by gay or bisexual players. For the study, researchers polled more than 50,000 soccer fans internationally to investigate global attitudes towards gay people on and off the field. Irish fans were the most accepting with 87 percent supporting gay and bisexual players. Egyptians were the least supportive with just 10 percent of fans saying they were comfortable with non-straight players.

"Although I do not consider myself worthy of such an honor, I am deeply moved and sincerely grateful to receive an official Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series Championship ring. I am fully aware of the historical significance and appreciate the symbolism the ring represents on multiple levels. My family and I will cherish it for generations," said Bartman in a statement he issued. "I am relieved and hopeful that the saga of the 2003 foul ball incident surrounding my family and me is finally over." Bartman used his statement to call for common decency in society and he addressed the role of the media. "I humbly receive the ring not only as a symbol of one of the most historic achievements in sports, but as an important reminder for how we should treat each other in today’s society. My hope is that we all can learn from my experience to view sports as entertainment and prevent harsh scapegoating, and to challenge the media and opportunistic profiteers to conduct business ethically by respecting personal privacy rights and not exploit any individual to advance their own self-interest or economic gain." He requested the media give him and his family privacy. Nothing on that front will change for Bartman. There will be no further statements. He'll be the same Bartman he's been since the incident, a guy living his life, declining the spotlight.

Superstition plays such a huge role in sports that Bartman's name is now inextricably connected to the Cubs' loss. But Gibney says there's also something darker going on. "Very often, we look to find scapegoats," he says. "Steve Bartman was a perfect scapegoat." Bartman was small and meek, with headphones on that seemed to set him apart from the crowd. What made things worse was that he stood there like a deer in the headlights afterwards. "It's an ugly fact that crowds tend to react rather badly toward that," Gibney points out. "Steve Bartman looked weak. And they rained hell on him."

The incident set the sports world ablaze, and the media was desperate to direct the blame at a group. Expectedly, they chose the players, all of whom were African American. The press labeled the players as “thugs” and products of a so-called hip-hop generation. Pacers center Jermaine O’Neal, who was charged with two accounts of misdemeanor assault for his actions during the incident, recalled how offended he was by the description, stating: “All of a sudden, my character is in question… These are ‘thugs.’ That’s literally the word that they used. And everyone signed off.”Not only had the event complicated the dynamic between players and fans, performers and crowds, but it had racialized an already divisive blemish on the face of professional sports. When baseball players get hit by a pitch and rush the mound, it’s excused. When there’s a hard shove against the glass in hockey, fights are expected and even allowed. The Pacers players involved were not held to such a standard.

But Tony McAleer, a former white supremacist leader who now runs Life After Hate, a rehabilitation program for neo-Nazis, called doxxing a “ passive aggressive violence.” He said publicizing the names and workplaces of neo-Nazis may offer some level of solace to people outraged by them, but it makes his job more difficult.“For us, it slows things down. We try to integrate people back to humanity,” Mr. McAleer said. “If isolation and shame is the driver for people joining these types of groups, doxxing certainly isn’t the answer.”.css-1xzcza9{list-style-type:disc;padding-inline-start:1em;}.css-3btd0c{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem;color:#333;margin-bottom:0.78125rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-3btd0c{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5rem;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;}}.css-3btd0c strong{font-weight:600;}.css-3btd0c em{font-style:italic;}.css-w739ur{margin:0 auto 5px;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3125rem;color:#121212;}#NYT_BELOW_MAIN_CONTENT_REGION .css-w739ur{font-family:nyt-cheltenham,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-weight:700;font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.625rem;}@media (min-width:740px){#NYT_BELOW_MAIN_CONTENT_REGION .css-w739ur{font-size:1.6875rem;line-height:1.875rem;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-w739ur{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4375rem;}}.css-1dg6kl4{margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:15px;}#masthead-bar-one{display:none;}#masthead-bar-one{display:none;}.css-12vbvwq{background-color:white;border:1px solid #e2e2e2;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;margin:1.5rem auto 1.9rem;padding:15px;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-12vbvwq{padding:20px;width:100%;}}.css-12vbvwq:focus{outline:1px solid #e2e2e2;}#NYT_BELOW_MAIN_CONTENT_REGION .css-12vbvwq{border:none;padding:10px 0 0;border-top:2px solid #121212;}.css-12vbvwq[data-truncated] .css-rdoyk0{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);-ms-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg);}.css-12vbvwq[data-truncated] .css-eb027h{max-height:300px;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;}.css-12vbvwq[data-truncated] .css-5gimkt:after{content:'See more';}.css-12vbvwq[data-truncated] .css-6mllg9{opacity:1;}.css-1rh1sk1{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;}.css-1rh1sk1 strong{font-weight:700;}.css-1rh1sk1 em{font-style:italic;}.css-1rh1sk1 a{color:#326891;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#ccd9e3;text-decoration-color:#ccd9e3;}.css-1rh1sk1 a:visited{color:#333;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#ccc;text-decoration-color:#ccc;}.css-1rh1sk1 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}Let Us Help You Protect Your Digital LifeWith Apple’s latest mobile software update, we can decide whether apps monitor and share our activities with others. Here’s what to know.A little maintenance on your devices and accounts can go a long way in maintaining your security against outside parties’ unwanted attempts to access your data. Here’s a guide to the few simple changes you can make to protect yourself and your information online.Ever considered a password manager? You should.There are also many ways to brush away the tracks you leave on the internet.var _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____ = function(name) {return (self._wb_wombat && self._wb_wombat.local_init && self._wb_wombat.local_init(name)) || self[name]; }; if (!self.__WB_pmw) { self.__WB_pmw = function(obj) { this.__WB_source = obj; return this; } } { let window = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("window"); let self = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("self"); let document = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("document"); let location = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("location"); let top = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("top"); let parent = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("parent"); let frames = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("frames"); let opener = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("opener"); { "use strict";(function(){var a=document.getElementById("prism-freeform-block-80774"),b=document.getElementById("prism-freeform-button-80774");b&&b.addEventListener("click",function(){var c=a.toggleAttribute("data-truncated");c?(b.scrollIntoView(),window.scrollBy(0,-80)):a.focus()});var c=document.getElementsByClassName("css-w739ur"),d=document.getElementById("styln-survey-component-80774"),e=window.location.href,f={componentName:d&&d.dataset&&d.dataset.surveyname,componentQuestion:"Was this helpful?",storylineName:d&&d.dataset&&d.dataset.surveystoryline,id:"styln-survey-component-80774"};parent.__WB_pmw(self).__WB_pmw(self.window).postMessage(f,e)})(); }}In short, once someone is labeled a Nazi on the internet, that person stays a Nazi on the internet.

Now the online hunt to reveal extremists has raised concerns about unintended consequences, or even collateral damage. A few individuals have been misidentified in recent weeks, including a professor from Arkansas who was wrongly accused of participating in the neo-Nazi march. And some worry that the stigma of being outed as a political extremist can only reinforce that behavior in people who could still be talked out of it.

Meme creators and posters have been sued for using people’s images without permission, especially those who were not already public figures. In 2003, the parents of the unwilling star of the “Star Wars Kid” video sued their son’s classmates for posting the video online. Though the suit was settled, the video did not disappear, and the Star Wars Kid learned to deal with his fame.

However, within copyright law exists the doctrine of fair use, which allows for use of a copyrighted work in the creation of new work without permission, as long as the use fits within certain parameters. A legal finding of fair use takes into account the following factors: The purpose of the use, The amount of the work to be used, The effect of the use on the market for or value of the original work, and The nature of the copyrighted work. There is no official definitive answer for whether a use can be considered fair, as every case must be judged on its own merits, but there are some types of use generally allowed under fair use, including criticism and commentary, parody, journalism, education, and research.

To be clear, there is a law that defines domestic terrorism but not one that charges people who commit acts of terrorism in America. People who conspire with international terrorists—even if they aren’t materially involved in an act of violence—are charged with “acts of terrorism transcending international boundaries.” But someone who sends pipe bombs to Democrats; plows through a crowd of anti-racism protesters in Charlottesville, Va.; or shoots up a church in Charleston, S.C., will not face domestic terrorism charges.

More people than you would think believe that the blue checkmark = trustworthy. But all the blue checkmark really does is say that the person is who they say they are, that they are the person of that name and not an imposter. Your two-second “mirror and head-check” here is going to be to always, always hover, and see what they are verified for. In this case the verification means something: this person works for CNBC.com, a legitimate news site, and she covers a relevant beat here (the White House):