d. The meaning of pan-Africanism was therefore contested between the Garveys and the Du Boises and the Washingtons (yes, Booker T., whose support of several pan- Africanist organizations is deserving of greater scrutiny), a strug- gle of personalities and regionalist claims that, ultimately, was sad- dled by the broader political discourse privileging the nation-state (thereby encouraging both xenophobia and a degree of parochial- ism antithetical to pan-Africanism) and by the lure of succes
Interesting dilemma: Pan Africanism became popular amongst Afro-Americans in the North, but it also held a variety of views amongst Afro-Americans, which caused political discourse - discourse that only benefitted White America