“I’ve been pretty bad with my cardio. And now it gives me a chance to work on that [sic]

This study highlights the interactions amongst these health determinants and provides insights into what resources and supports these student-athletes accessed and found helpful, and what areas of support were lacking. Findings provide direction on how best to support student-athletes moving forward.

High school stud

Semi-structured interviews were conducted via phone or Zoom and were scheduled to be 45–60 min in duration

if we’re both doing it, then I’ll be more likely to actually follow through with it”

Overall, 24% of participants met the 60-minute physical activity guideline during practice, but fewer than 10% of participants aged 11 to 14 years and 2% of softball players met the full 60-minute physical activity guideline.

Nevertheless, only 2% of girls obtained 60 or more minutes of MVPA in baseball/softball practice compared with about 32% of boys. A possible explanation for this trend is that coaches included less physical training in girls' softball practices, devoting most of the time to skill building, game play, or other nonactive instruction. Owing to the extensive running inherent in soccer, boys' and girls' MVPA levels were very similar.

Parents completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, including parents' marital status, education, household size, and income as well as the child's age, racial/ethnic background, height, and weight.

We found a positive relationship between sports participation and pro-social behaviour, subjective health, well-being, and sense of coherence. These findings were stable across the two measurements

Summarising, the following three study aims were formulated:

explains people’s capacity to cope with stressful life challenges in a health-promoting way

Two identical questionnaires were administered with a six-month interval by youth professionals from four youth organisations, measuring the youth developmental outcomes and sports participation rates of socially vulnerable youth. In total, 283 socially vulnerable youths (average 14.68 years old) participated at baseline and 187 youths after six months.

Contrary to our expectations [24], we found no evidence for the positive relationship between sports participation and the self-regulatory skills planning,

Public health officials need to consider these differences when evaluating steps to limit the spread of COVID-19 across the United States. In further investigations, researchers should assess whether the data we reported continue to apply to adolescent athletes and if the health of these individuals may be improved by targeting sports and exercise opportunities to them.

Athletes in grade 12 reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety and higher GAD-7 scores than athletes in grades 9, 10, and 11 (Table 2). Similarly, the grade 12 participants displayed the highest prevalence of moderate to severe depression and highest PHQ-8 score.

Females demonstrated a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms than males (42.3% versus 25.4%, respectively) and a higher GAD-7 score (mean = 8.5, 95% CI = 8.3, 8.8 versus mean = 6.3, 95% CI = 6.0, 6.6, respectively; Table 1).

This study was approved by the University of Wisconsin–Madison Institutional Review Board in April 2020. Recruitment of US adolescent athletes (males and females, grades 9–12, aged 13–19 years) to participate in the study was via social media (Facebook, Twitter) and completion of an anonymous online survey in May 2020. To ensure widespread national distribution and recruitment for the study, we provided the social media links to sports medicine provider colleagues across the United States and to the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which passed the links to each US state high school athletic association.

Specifically, team sport athletes reported worse symptoms of depression and anxiety, lower levels of physical activity, and worse HRQoL than athletes who were involved in individual sports or in both individual and team sports.

At the 12-year follow-up, there were no differences by group for reported health history (Table 3), but participants in G3 (middle school and high school ± college sports) and G2 (middle school sports only) reported significantly higher physical activity levels, as measured by MARS score (Marx et al., 2001) and Tegner activity scale (Briggs et al., 2006) than G1 (no sports), additionally G3 (middle school and high school ± college sports) reported significantly higher physical activity levels than G2 (middle school sports only) (Table 4)

Certain study limitations should be noted.

This study showed that OS participation through high school and/or college led to significantly higher levels of reported PA at the 10-year follow-up. This finding is consistent with previous research that revealed weekly or twice-weekly sports participation was associated with high levels of PA in later life (Tammelin et al., 2003). Similarly, research has shown that adult PA levels (Bélanger et al., 2015) and body composition (Belanger et al., 2018) are positively associated with number of years participating in sports during adolescence. However, these studies relied on self-reported PA on an annual basis, while the outcome measures included only those relating to body composition.

This follow-up study used a survey with targeted recruitment from a cohort of 1243 participants who took part in a prior prospective longitudinal cohort study spanning 6 years (Princeton School District Study) (Dolan et al., 2005)

Because coaches are a crucial part of creating the motivationalclimate, participation in these types of educational programmes can bebeneficial to decrease the risk for drop-out.

None of the biological factors had anystatistically significant relationship with drop-out (height had, however,a small effect). The results showed that intrapersonal factors related toself-determination theory (i.e., basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation), theory of planned behaviour (i.e., intentions,attitudes and perceived behavioural control), as well as technical skills(i.e., speed) and sport experience were associated with the risk for drop-out. The only interpersonal factor (i.e., social support) had a small effec

5Table 1Studies included in the systematic review

soccer (n = 9

The following key-words were used: population keywords: youth, adolescen*or teen*;construct keywords: athletic participation, sports participation, drop-out,dropout, attrition, withdraw*, discontinu*, disengage* or quit; contextkeywords: “team sports” or baseball or basketball or cricket or hockey orsoccer or football or handball or floorball or volleyball or lacrosse orsoftball or polo or rugby.

Participation in organised sport from an early age and staying activethrough adolescence may promote physical, psychological and socialhealth benefits as well as the development of physical-, academic-, self-regulatory- and general life skills

This review aims to (a) identify correlates of youth sport attrition, (b) frame correlates within a multilevel model of youth sport participation (i.e., biological, intra-personal, inter-personal, institutional, community, and policy levels), and (c) assess the level of evidence for each correlate