Fong Yue Ting v. United States

It initiated what can be called an era of steadily increasing restrictions on immigration of all kinds that would last for sixty-one years.

suspending the immigration of Chinese laborers for twenty years.

white persons and to aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent."

Burlingame Treaty

Immigration first became a special subject for diplomatic negotiation during the long run-up to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

the first naturalization act, limiting those eligible to "free white persons."

Cold War imperatives plus a growing tendency toward more egalitarian attitudes about ethnic and racial

an integral part of the American polity

high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects

As immigration rises, native workers are pushed into less demanding jobs, which improves native workers' health outcomes.[287][288]

Europe

Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation

A slight reduction in the barriers to labor mobility between the developing and developed world would do more to reduce poverty in the developing world than any remaining trade liberalization.[191]

A 2021 study in the American Economic Journal found that undocumented immigrants had beneficial effects on the employment and wages of American natives.

Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native."

refugees to the United States brought in $63 billion more in government revenues than they cost the government.

A 2017 paper by Evans and Fitzgerald found that refugees to the United States pay "$21,000 more in taxes than they receive in benefits over their first 20 years in the U.S

By increasing overall demand, immigrants could push natives out of low-skilled manual labor into better paying occupations

Research also suggests that diversity and immigration have a net positive effect on productivity[112][113][91][114][115] and economic prosperity.[

They can also mean net loss for a poor donor country through the loss of the educated minority—a "brain drain".

As of 2003[update], family reunification accounted for approximately two-thirds of legal immigration to the US every year.

the freedom only applies to movement within national borders and the ability to return to one's home state.[60][61]

natural and social barriers

persecution (religious and otherwise), frequent abuse, bullying, oppression, ethnic cleansing, genocide, risks to civilians during war, and social marginalization.[

immigration are sometimes mandatory in a contract of employment:

availability of jobs is the related pull factor.

differentials in wage rates are common

Push and pull factors of immigration

Nearly half (43%) of all international migrants originate in Asia

number of international migrants has reached 244 million worldwide,

international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens.