Normal perfusion, the adequate delivery of oxygenated blood and removal of waste products at the cellular level, relies on three essential components: a functioning pump (the heart), an adequate blood volume, and an intact container (the blood vessels). The heart must generate sufficient pressure and cardiac output to circulate blood effectively.
Perfusion is the process of delivering oxygenated blood and removing wasteful product. Our hearts is constantly pumping to push blood through the body
Arteries, with their muscular walls, carry blood away from the heart, branching into smaller arterioles and then into the capillary beds, where the crucial exchange of gases and nutrients occurs at the tissue level.
Making sure the arteries transfer blood away from the heart in the proper direction
The heart, a muscular organ, acts as a dual pump. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and propels it to the lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation), while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body (systemic circulation)
The left muscle is stronger so it could pump it through the aorta of the body and the capillaries
Veins, although low-pressure vessels, also contain smooth muscle and are influenced by the autonomic nervous system, aiding in the return of blood to the heart, sometimes against gravity.
Automatic nervous system keeps blood flow steady automatically
Arteries and arterioles possess smooth muscle in their walls, allowing them to contract (vasoconstriction) and dilate (vasodilation) to regulate blood flow to different tissues based on their metabolic demands.
Controlling and regulating blood flow abed on metabolic demands
complex system of organs and vessels to achieve these tasks.
Every valve and ventricle all working together
simultaneously removing waste products.
Waste such as carbon dioxide
transporting vital substances throughout the body.
Oxygenated blood through the body
filtration process
Filtration , warming ,humidifying and gas exchange
Inside the nose, specialized cells and structures like cilia and mucous membranes trap dust, pollen, and other foreign particles, preventing them from reaching the lower respiratory tract.
The lower respiratory tract goes deep into our lungs where gas exchange happens
The upper airway is the initial pathway for air to enter the respiratory system, a complex and vital process for life. It begins with the nose, the primary entry point for air.
2 central pathways in our body to receive oxygen
abnormal breath sounds usually found using a stethoscope) sounds like gurgling (often due to fluid in the airway), stridor (a high-pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction), or wheezing (a whistling sound associated with lower airway constriction) are present
Breath sounds are important to detect what a patient is experiencing such as a blockage or fluid and more
Adequate ventilation is achieved with minimal effort; there should be no signs of respiratory distress, such as accessory muscle use, nasal flaring, or abnormal positioning.
Any abnormal positions like a tire pod position can be signs of distress.
Its effectiveness depends on obtaining a proper mask seal and squeezing the bag at the correct rate: once every five to six seconds for adults and once every three seconds for infants or children.
You want the ventilation to be the same as your lungs would produce air which is why the timing is Important
Indications for PPVD use include inadequate ventilation, apnea, and cardiac arrest.
Apnea is the complete absence of breathing
Commonly used PPVDs in EMS include pocket masks and bag-valve-masks (BVMs)
PPVDS help force oxygen into the lungs for patients who aren’t breathing adequately
This technique requires practice and precision to avoid causing further injury.
A lot of practice can create muscle memory so in a emergency you can do it flawlessly
effectively moving the tongue forward and opening the airway without manipulating the neck.
This is opening the mouth manually for an airway
The modified jaw thrust is the preferred technique when cervical spine injury is suspected
This is to prevent making a patient paraplegic and a chance for a better recover
as seen with drug overdoses, head injuries, or neurological diseases.
Chest trauma or pulmonary complications is not the only reason for inadequate breathing .
severe asthma attack, air cannot reach the lungs
A reason like increased mucus production!
Sometimes the problem lies in ventilation.
Oxygenating blood
Inadequate respiration
Not properly ventilating
hypoxia
Tissues of our body not receiving enough oxygen
, capillary permeability, and the metabolic demands of the tissues.
We there our capillary dilates to signal more oxygen
internal respiration
When O2 and CO2 are exchanges between blood and cells
The left ventricle then propels the oxygenated blood out into the systemic circulation, delivering it to all tissues and organs of the body.
Left ventricle pumps blood at high pressure thought the body
venules
Tiny veins
pulmonary capillaries,
Tiny blood vessels for gas exchange
cartilage rings,
16-20 cartilage rings
gas exchange.
O2 and CO2
primary organs of respiration
What helps us breathe and receive oxygen
pharynx
Throat
trachea
A tube running down the voice box
angioedema
Swelling
benign
not harmful
obstruction by the tongue
Your toughness muscles have relaxed
e control centers or the neural pathways that transmit signals to the respiratory muscles.
Medulla and pons section controls our breathing
brainstem
Part of our nervous system
Neural regulation of respiration
Control over our breathing
sternum
Breast bone
There are 12 pairs of ribs, each connected to the thoracic vertebrae (the bones of the spine) at the back.
This shows the rib cage is connected to our vertebrae’s
bony framework that protects the vital organs within the chest, such as the heart and lungs. It’s composed of three main elements:
the rib cage is held together with ligaments and costal cartilage
Furthermore, the thoracic cage provides essential support for the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, enabling a wide range of movement and activities.
The thoracic cage provides support for other muscles and limbs
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
essential to maintaining a regulated nervous system
Conversely, during exhalation, the ribs move downwards and inwards, reducing the chest cavity volume and expelling air from the lungs.
This expansion of the chest cavity is essential for your lungs to fill with air
thoracic cage
Rib cage
e world around us, respond to stimuli, move, think, feel, and learn.
Stimuli is a change in the body causing a response
body’s communication
the way our body reacts and receives messages
responsible for controlling all bodily functions, f
Every function including sensory, integration, and motor
circulatory system
Cardiovascular system
circulatory
Cardiovascular system
organ failure
Inadequate perfusion which causes your organs to not work properly
metabolic dysfunction
another form of your cells not being able to produce energy
leading to cellular hypoxia,
This is the term for when cells are receiving enough oxygen and can’t make enough energy
life-sustaining process of perfusion,
Constant perfusion is necessary for our cells to continuously receive oxygen