Particular attention should be given to this condition as it can progress very rapidly with complete corneal destruction occurring within 24–48 hour

The most frequently observed infections were respiratory tract infection (32.5%) and keratitis/endophthalmitis (20.8%).

The organism has also been described as an important cause of ocular infection with high incidence in contact lens-related keratitis

Almost all strains of Serratia marcescens secrete a cytotoxin (7, 9–11, 34) that causes hemolysis of human and animal erythrocytes

S., marcescens from contact lens washing solutions containing chlorhexidine

outbreak

Infections caused by S. marcescens may be difficult to treat because of resistance to a variety of antibiotics, including ampicillin and first and second generation cephalosporins

It secretes extracellular chitinase; ' several proteases, a nuclease and a lipase [25], and produces a wetting agent or surfactant called 'serrawettin' which helps in the colonisation of surfaces

under extreme conditions, including in disinfectant [ 14, 151, antiseptics [ 161 and double- distilled water

there is a high risk of rapid growth in red blood cells stored at 4"C, as well as in platelet concentrates stored at 22"C

fourth most commonly reported cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease

Yersinia adhesin A (YadA)

usually raw or inadequately cooked pork

Gram stain of Yersinia enterocolitica.

virulence plasmid in Y. enterocolitica. In addition, the lower temperature favors the growth of

ad a very low false-positive rate

Transmission most frequently occurs through eating contaminated food

In the present study, we did not find a significant association between age and CAP due to GNB or P aeruginosa, corroborating the view that age does not represent an independent risk factor for these pathogens.

CAP due to GNB has often been reported to be more frequent in the elderly population, especially by American authors in the 1970s.26- 28 A corresponding high incidence of 16% was found in a series of severe CAP in the elderly.

On the other hand, the value of sputum, tracheobronchial aspirates, and even bronchoscopically retrieved samples may be seriously questioned, especially in patients with structural lung disease such as COPD or bronchiectasis or even in patients with heavy cigarette use. Gram-negative bacteria may easily colonize the tracheobronchial tree in the presence of any alterations or damage of the respiratory epithelium

These agents are bactericidal and exhibit synergy with other antimicrobials, most notably β-lactams, with which they are often administered for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections;

beta-lactam and aminoglycoside for 5 days and de-escalate to monotherapy based on organism culture sensitivity.

a positive catalase test.

Sputum Gram stain

Cultures grow best with aeration

the simplest medium for growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa consists of acetate as a source of carbon and ammonium sulfate as a source of nitrogen.

the overexpression of a multidrug resistance mechanism, i.e., an efflux pump

The highest prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains was observed among isolates from lower respiratory tract infections

. aeruginosa exhibits the highest rates of resistance for the fluoroquinolones

P. aeruginosa can develop resistance to antibacterials either through the acquisition of resistance genes on mobile genetic elements (i.e., plasmids) or through mutational processes that alter the expression and/or function of chromosomally encoded mechanisms.

Unfortunately, selection of the most appropriate antibiotic is complicated by the ability of P. aeruginosa to develop resistance to multiple classes of antibacterial agents, even during the course of treating an infection.

Patients with impaired immunity have higher risks for colonization by this organism

P. aeruginosa is seldom a member of the normal microbial flora in humans

can be isolated from various living sources, including plants, animals, and humans

It is “opportunistic” because it seldom infects healthy individuals. Instead, it often colonizes immunocompromised patients, like those with cystic fibrosis, cancer, or AIDS

P.aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen

P. aeruginosa is an obligate respirer, using aerobic respiration (with oxygen) as its optimal metabolism although can also respire anaerobically on nitrate or other alternative electron acceptors

Pneumonia can cause:Fever and chillsDifficulty breathingCough, sometimes with yellow, green, or bloody mucus

Bloodstream infections can cause various symptoms, including:Fever and chillsBody achesLight-headednessRapid pulse and breathingNausea and vomitingDiarrheaDecreased urination

anamycin

No evidence was found for streptomycin- or spectinomycin-inactivating enzymes.

Gonococcal culture has low sensitivity (<50%) for detecting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea, and, although not yet approved commercially, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are the assay of choice.

ceftriaxone injected into a muscle is the only antibiotic used to treat gonococcal pharyngitis.

Regular strep throat testing will not pick up gonorrhea.

A throat swab culture is positive for gonococcus bacteria

These symptoms of oral gonorrhea are the same for men or women and usually occur a few days after oral contact (about 7 to 21 days )

The main symptom of oral gonorrhea is a sore throat

vancomycin is preferred

bacteremia

he oral mucosa is the most common portal of entry

Gram-positive infections

There has been no increase in resistance to vancomycin during the past three decades.

Colonies of viridans streptococci on blood agar surroundend by a wide zone of alpha-hemolysis.

cariogenic

Treatment is usually with penicillin. However, strains resistant to penicillin and multiple antibiotics are rapidly emerging. A vaccine is available.

Pneumococci are distinguished from viridans streptococci by the quellung (capsular swelling) reaction, bile solubility, and optochin inhibition.

clindamycin

One hundred thirty-eight strains(33.6%) were resistant to penicillin

The susceptibility rates for S. sanguis were: penicillin, 74%; amoxicillin, 84%; ceftriaxone, 94%; clindamycin, 87%, and vancomycin, 100%. The susceptibility rates for S. mitis were: penicillin, 42%; amoxicillin, 67%; ceftriaxone, 58%; clindamycin, 100%; and vancomycin, 100%. The susceptibility rates for S. milleri were: penicillin, 100%, amoxicillin. 100%; ceftriaxone, 100%, clindamycin, 100%; and vancomycin, 100%.

omorbidity was diabetes mellitus

viridans streptococcus  any of a group of streptococci with no defined Lancefield group antigens but not Streptococcus pneumoniae, usually α-hemolytic; part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract but also causing dental caries, bacterial endocarditis, and other disorders in immunocompromised hosts

Morphology: cocci in Chains

Penicillins, but resistance reported among beta hemolytic streptococci

VGS; S. anginosus, S. mutans, and S. sanguinis

bile solubility testing

They differ from pneumococci in that they are optochin resistant and are not bile soluble.

chaining morphology

as many species do not produce any hemolysis on blood agar.

Conventional tests cannot identify most species of the viridans streptococci.

These bacteria can be found in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract and vagina of healthy humans,

Alpha-hemolytic streptococci cause a partial or “greening” hemolysis around the colony, associated with the reduction of red cell hemoglobin.

nonhemolytic

Chronic brucellosis may cause complications in just one organ or throughout your body.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis during pregnancy can be lifesaving for the fetus

longer periods of time

Initial symptoms can include:

slaughterhouse workers meat-packing plant employees veterinarians

eating or drinking unpasteurized/raw dairy products.

Some scientists argue that it's equally important to analyze primary cases -- the person or animal that first brings a bacterium or virus into a population.