Grab a bit or bob from your introduction to bring into and discuss in your conclusion; we call this coming full-circle, and expand this bit by explaining or helping your audience imagine it or the implications of it.Invite your audience to act or do something based on what you have been discussing— a “call to action.”Relate the topic of your essay to the real world—a current event, a community concern, a topic of interest.Share with your audience what we can learn about ourselves, each other, or the world from examining the topic you have addressed in your paper.

please refrain from sharing with your audience all that you have said before. I know, most of us were taught to rephrase our thesis statement and topic sentences or summarize our essay in our conclusion

When you introduce your argument, you may use transitional adverbs like, “however,” “on the other hand,” “admittedly,” to signal to the audience you are returning to your argument

You show you are fair and understanding, which builds your credibility and strengthens your argument. You are able to show your audience you are thoughtful and considerate, which invites them to listen to you and consider your point of view more attentively.

Preparation for writing the summary

Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and evaluation of each of the sources, which include an assessment of and reflection on the source. Thus, an annotated bibliography has three parts: summary, assessment, and reflection for each source.

Using Notecards or Sticky notes to Organize your Research

If you prefer, you can also use your notecards to create a mind map based on the similar categories of ideas from your authors, to show how each author “branches out”

By contributing to Wikipedia, you can use your knowledge and research skills to make a real-world difference.

the Wikipedia community acknowledges that Wikipedia is not a reliable source, especially for academic use. However, it can be a very helpful starting point, as long as you keep a few points in mind:

Scholarly sources are generally found in different, more specialized databases. Google scholar is one example, as is the San Francisco State University Library’s OneSearch,

Did you know that when you do a Google search you might get different results than the person sitting next to you? Google search results are heavily influenced by algorithms, keywords, advertisements, and even social biases

you have to evaluate the credibility of the online, popular source you read—or in other words, you have to always consider whether or not you believe it, and why.

Visual notetaking can be a creative method to use when listening to a lecture, annotating a reading with symbols and arrows, and/or brainstorming for a writing prompt

These are the notes from a former colleague of Professor Kohls who is a Japanese-English interpreter. She explained that this was her process of interpreting a speech from Japanese into English. The notes are organized into four columns each subdivided into smaller boxes containing words, numbers, and symbols.

With any conversation about academic writing, teachers need to talk about plagiarism,

Paraphrasing

Direct Quoting

Summarizing

Using the assignment that you have been given, you are able to consider and address the purpose of the writing situation. Consider why you are writing the paper — Are you persuading your audience? Are you informing them? Are you showing them something you have discovered or are contemplating? What do you want your audience to do, feel, or think after reading your paper?

discovering who is your intended audience reveals to you how to construct your thesis statement and entire paper. Your intended audience determines how much background information you will need to include in the paper and the tone and language you will use.

The opinion you express in your thesis statement is the reason you are writing the essay, which is to explain to your intended audience why you hold this opinion about the topic.

A-Analysis

E-Evidence

T-Topic Sentence

Stating everything in your thesis statement rivals sharing all the places you will visit on your travels at once, which can be overwhelming and provoke your audience to lose interest.

As the “thesis statements” of your paragraphs or the signposts of your journey, topic sentences relate both to the thesis statement and to the evidence and analysis in the body paragraph/s.

connections between the rhetorical situation of your assignment, you may begin the journey into your essay. If we consider that the essay is like a journey, we may be more mindful of our intended audience, with whom we are bringing along as fellow travelers.

Aristotle’s three techniques that you are balancing and addressing as you move through the writing process and produce your paper.

Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals—ethos, logos, and pathos—are important components of writing (and speaking) from the perspective of you as a writer

your question is always a draft, and you’ll have a better time if you practice being a flexible reader and writer during the “Inquiry” process.

“How” and “Why,” the two most “critical” questioning words

The more relevant the issue and/or the population is to you, the researcher, the more meaningful the reading, research, and writing process will be.

The Inquiry Mindset is the other important part of college research, which is the “asking questions” part.

Keep in mind that you want to do this work and not rely on someone else to help you with it. For one, if someone changes your sentences and words, the university sees this “help” as plagiarism because your writing and ideas are underneath your well-intending friend or family member’s.

Sentence Focus

Spellcheck, but not Grammarcheck:

Read Out Loud:

These are what most students have been taught is revision, yet in reality they are editing and proofreading. So read on to see how to address these.

With this work, you are able to rework sentences, revising them from unfocused and/or passive to focused and active, making certain sentences flow logically from one to the next without abrupt changes by showing the logical relationships between your ideas.

By focusing on high order concerns, you will spend more time reworking your writing since these concerns change the structure and content, organization and development your writing in your paper, all of which effect your audience’s understanding of your argument.

Based on your reverse outline, create a list, explaining the work you will do to revise, and discussing what you will do to make these changes based on what you collected in your reverse outline and need to accomplish in the assignment.(required)

Please be careful not to fall in love with your writing. We all do it from time to time because we spent time and energy creating and perhaps are not able to envision the paper from another perspective.

Whatever you remove or add, whatever feedback you consider, you will be seeing you writing with new eyes, which allows you to express yourself more fully and clearly to your audience, in ways that you could not imagine.

“Shitty First Draft.” That’s right, published writers have a writing process when they write too and the first (few) drafts aren’t great.

In this step, read through your notes, review your annotations about texts, examine the assignment by underlining, and make note of the task and expectations of the assignment; this allows you to understand the purpose for your writing.

Since your writing plan is the map of your essay, try to make it detailed enough so a peer would know the topics you will address in your essay and your overall stance on the topics.

Analyzing the writing and being specific with your feedback keeps us open to receiving feedback and allows us to hear it.

Accepting all offers means to be open to the feedback you are receiving, which you take and then evaluate it to see if and how you will use in your revision plan.

In at least 100 words, share one helpful and one not helpful experience you have experienced with peer feedback? What would have changed the not helpful experience into a helpful one?

Research may occur later in your writing process as you create a writing plan and discover you would like to learn about other points of view about your topic

Taking a step away from your writing plan and looking at it after a pause, you will see where and how you might explain connections, develop the connection/s you see between your topics and evidence, which is your analysis.

You can use an outline to determine the order in which you will address the topics in your paper and see your ideas from in linear fashion, which will help you see where you need more evidence to support your topic.

The Venn Diagram shows the logical relationships between two or more topics and the union between them is visually represented by the overlap of whatever shape you choose to use

Then, from that word, use words or images that relate to the main idea by branching out from it. Next, create “sub-branches” that further explore or illustrate the idea. Mind maps are usually colorful and include images and/or sketches.

In at least 100 words, please explain the process you go through when you write a paper. What steps do you take to move from beginning, middle, and end of a writing assignment?(required)

By developing a growth mindset and being flexible and open-minded as a learner, becoming an active reader is about using strategies to get through difficult texts. Each time you try a new strategy that works for you, and continue to use and practice that strategy, you will be able to persist through any difficult text you encounter

Then, if you are still perplexed by the end of your reading, go back to that section and look for certain words;

The point is: not all reading is the same, and it is important to develop awareness of how to be flexible as a reader, recognizing the particular conventions of a ‘genre’ and discipline or subject, and adapting your reading strategies accordingly.

This has also changed how people are able to read socially, where we can now ask questions in the margins that others can respond to in real time.

I have always used personalized symbols in the margins of texts, like a star for ideas I like, a “Q” for Quotes I may use in my essays or papers, a “!” for an alarming or surprising idea

Freire’s ideas are important here because who you are as a reader matters: your experiences, your memories, your knowledge from other literature, other courses, and other texts – are all very important to bring to your reading process.

In the transactional view, the reader creates meaning from the text by integrating the information on the page or screen with their own prior knowledge or schema.

When you are more active in your own reading process, you not only comprehend and retain the information better — reading becomes dynamic and interactive. When you start to see reading as a conversation with authors, who have life experiences similar to yours, and for some of whom your life experiences could teach, reading engages you in solving real issues in the world that have meaning for you beyond the page.

Schema-building: What does “reading” mean to you? Who are you as a reader? How would you describe your reading process?(required)

Just like when you’re in a conversation with a new person, and you pick up on their nonverbal cues, mannerisms, and conventions, reading like a writer involves picking up on the language choices, audience, purpose and main message of the writer, as well as the way in which the writer presents those moves within a particular structure, style, and set of conventions.

One way to focus your active reading and annotation is to ask questions about what the writer is doing, in addition to what the writer is saying in various parts of the text

Skimming is an important pre-reading step because it gives you a sense of the text before you start going in-depth, where you practice various ways of annotating, reading like a writer, mind mapping, and close reading (all described in detail below).

When scanning, you want to look for particular ways that the author or publisher of a text made certain words or ideas stand out — whether they are bolded, underlined, or italicized; if there are Text Boxes that make the concept or idea stand apart from the rest of the text; and/or if there are images to add meaning to a certain concept, idea, or section of a text.

Responsibility—the ability to take ownership of one’s actions and understand the consequences of those actions for oneself and others.

Engagement—a sense of investment and involvement in learning. Engagement is fostered when writers are encouraged to

Openness—the willingness to consider new ways of being and thinking in the world. Openness is fostered when writers are encouraged to

Curiosity—the desire to know more about the world. Curiosity is fostered when writers are encouraged to

We’ve got our ideas; what are your learning goals as a student??? What are some strategies you will use to accomplish them?

Developing healthy working relationships with your professors is good training for future professional relationships you will build. Your professors want to know you, and your actions allow them to do so.

Being present means more than just attending class; it means participating in and contributing to class

They invest countless hours in thinking about and planning their lessons and crafting assignments. Although they may not expect you to be equally passionate about their subject, your preparedness, conscientiousness, and punctuality communicate respect for your professors’ time and effort, and these are qualities that instill trust– a essential ingredient for any healthy relationship.

Engage in conversation with them about the course material.

Essays that deal with personal experiences and identity are called narratives, and generally tell a personal story or stories that have greater symbolism and/or meaning for how the author sees themselves and defines their identity.

Before reading the narratives below, why do YOU think individual experience is important? How can we start to connect experiences in academic settings?(required)

Every premise in this text up until now is based on the importance of one’s experience to who they are as a learner, reader, and writer. We’ve said it before, and we’ll say it again: Your experiences matter, because who you are as a learner matters. Your identity is shaped by your experiences, which is why in our courses when we begin talking about your academic identity

It just takes a growth mindset, where finding your learning style, negotiating an appropriate level of challenge, and having an open, flexible mindset all come together to help you grow as a reader and writer. To expand just a bit, one of the most fundamental lessons I teach my students about the importance of having a flexible mindset in college is developing the courage to take risks, experiment, and truly grow as readers and writers.

Once students find out that various Englishes are legitimate and valid in the real world, even in the academic community and within scholarly discourse, their perspectives on English changes. Once students like you know that you are allowed to have your own voice as an academic writer—once you are able to develop a more flexible mindset about “English” through various reading and writing experiences included in this textbook—you will be better prepared to grow as readers and writers.

we all have unique strengths and attributes, we try our best to change the way our students think about reading and writing in college.

Still, some of our students come into our classes every semester and proclaim that “Reading and writing is not for them,” or “Literature is not my thing.”

What do you believe your learning style is? If you were to place yourself on the Zone of Appropriate Challenge and Growth, where has the majority of your education taken place as a learner?

“Panic Zone,” where learning becomes overwhelming.

Growth happens when learners work through the appropriate level of challenge; challenge should be determined both by your teacher and the way they set up their classroom; and by you and the way you set up your flexible, growth mindset.

single test cannot test everybody’s abilities, and we are seeing more and more that the abilities that are valued by the dominant society often reward white privilege, households who spoke standard English, and other ways that testing not only undermines diversity in society, but also undermines the diversity of learning styles within various groups.

annotate using hypothes.is to make sense of new information and perspectives, and add that information to your preexisting knowledge, which we call “building your schema,” which then helps you make connections to other texts and your own experiences

Freire was an activist and teacher of adult reading in Brazil during a time when workers’ rights were being massively exploited, largely because they were uneducated. Without being able to read, these impoverished workers could not negotiate contracts or learn about how to defend their rights.

All students, and teachers, bring different strengths to the classroom, and reading and writing processes should be taught within a “pedagogy of multiliteracies”* to reflect multiple learning styles

Alfie Kohn who frames learning around “deep questions” generated by students. By doing so, Kohn believes that students will be motivated to learn based on genuine curiosity, problem solving, and a curriculum that revolves around their lives.

Freire called this “reading the world,” which is the premise of this text and many of the projects involving student choice in our curricula across SFSU and beyond. In Freire’s critical pedagogy, or radically progressive way of teaching, the curriculum is framed around the students’ worlds, involves their real issues, desires, and needs, and the teacher can learn from the multiple literacies of the students’ worlds even as they teach them more traditional literacies in school.

4 – Excellent; I learned by doing, with helpful teachers, and felt truly motivated and engaged

learning is not just about reading information and memorizing it, but where what you get out of this text largely depends on the energy you put back into it

actively and collaboratively. This is called constructivist learning, where the knowledge in the classroom is constructed from below (which requires that students are collaborating with teachers)—as opposed to knowledge or information delivered from the top (where teachers deliver a lecture).

active learning through the importance of questioning. Kohn argues that questioning is how students learn best, and challenges the old school learning model,