Francesco Guardi was no doubtassisted in producing the favourite views of Venice, in the latter part of his career, both by his youngerbrother Nicolò and by his son Giacomo.

No-one could mistake these for Francesco’s; but there are earlier drawings by Giacomo, done whenhis father was still alive or only lately dead; and at that time his drawings (and presumably his paintings)were more like his father’s.

No-one could mistake these for Francesco’s; but there are earlier drawings by Giacomo, done whenhis father was still alive or only lately dead; and at that time his drawings (and presumably his paintings)were more like his father’s.

Working probably in his studio, oftenfrom some earlier model, he would take liberties with the actual scene; and topographical evidence, as ameans of dating his views of Venice, is no longer reliable.

Working probably in his studio, oftenfrom some earlier model, he would take liberties with the actual scene; and topographical evidence, as ameans of dating his views of Venice, is no longer reliable.

. It may be significant that he seems to have moved out of the family studio beforeGianantonio’s death in 1760

came into his own as a Veduta painter

are no masterpieces; they show undeniable weakness of drawing, waveringcontours, distorted anatomy.

Duke University Projected Emissions to 2050

Duke should foster changes in behavior among internal audiences that reducegreenhouse gas emissions at Duke through tactics such as issuing campus challenges tochange individual behavior and engaging community members at points of access

Maintaining an active role in project development, as opposed to a passive roleas a purchaser

research that shows how otherwise exemplary individ-uals can be easily persuaded, when their social frame-work is skewed or altered, to perform acts that goagainst conscience, and behave in ways they would or-dinarily find despicable. My Stanford Prison Experi-ment (1971) reflected such an outcome, and my find-ings have been frequently validated since, including therecent actions of American military police guards atAbu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2004

encourage and empowerindividuals to develop the personal attributes that leadthem to take heroic action during crucial moments intheir lives, on behalf of others, for a moral cause, andwithout expectation of gain

an enhanced social awareness, and an abiding commit-ment to social action

heroes influence people’s lives by being incorporated into their self-concepts

ames (1890) argued that the concept of self could not beunderstood without consideration of extra-corporeal entities, including children andfriends

elf 6 Hero interactionsignificantly predicted individuals’ abilities to complete the self-description task

Heroes were defined as ‘‘persons (dead or alive, contemporaryor historic, known or unknown) who possess a skill, trait, or position that inspires anindividual to imitate or strive to attain goals.’’

definition of heroes asfigures to whom individuals are psychologically connected seems plausible

concluded thatpeople are inspired by role models who achieve an attainable level of success; butpeople are discouraged by comparisons to role models who achieve successespresumably unattainable for themselve

In this way,people designate others not only on the basis of the qualities a hero possess butalso the fact that they wish to further develop these qualities in themselves suchthat ‘‘the admired figure represents an ideal self-image’’

Through their deeds, they become exemplars for the model citizen

‘heroes are necessary in order to enable citizens to find their own ideals,courage, and wisdom in the society

At the same time, people actively seek to identify others who performextraordinary acts, such as saving a child from an oncoming train, to publicly honorthose individuals as heroes

Fi nally , a her o se t an exa mpl e tha t was wort hy of one’ s re sp ec t an d ad mir -atio n. Stu dents in th e 11 ± 13 an d 15 ± 16-year ag e lev els be ga n to co nce ive of a her onot only as so meone who he lps oth er s, fo r exa mple , but als o as a pe rs on th eywan te d to be l

begi nnin g to id en tif y he lpin g act s oth er tha n savi ng a pe rs on, but ea ch ty pe ofhel ping ac t was plac ed in a diff ere nt cat ego ry . Also, stu dent s of thi s

onse s. The ty pica l re spo nse by 5- an d 6-year-ol dstu dents was th at a he ro sav e

What bett er way to enab le yo ung pe op le to gai na se nse of th eir cu lt ura l an d mora l hist ory th an by creating mora l narratives buil taro und th ei r her oes so tha t th ey begi n to shap e th e val ues an d belief s th at wil l gu id eth em as so ci ety ’s next ad ult ge neration

r e deriv ed. Playi ng out her o th emesis one way in whi ch ch il dre n co me to understand th eir so ciety , thei r rol e withi n th atsoc iety , an d th ei r po te ntia l fo r po sitiv e

’ th ought s ab out val ues an d be li efs is tole ar n ab out th ei r co nce pti on of an d id en ti ® cati o

ª high er men ta l pro ce ss es ¼ hav e th eir origi ns in soc ia l pro ce ss es an d so cia l rela -tio nsº (p . 163), an d Tap pan ’s (19 91) co nte ntio n th at ª th e dev elopment of mora lfu nctio nin g is ro ote d in th e so cio- cultura l con tex t in whi ch [o ne’

e ro es ? Since our be liefs ab ou t an d id en ti ® cati on wit hhero es re ̄ ect ho w we pe rc eiv e ours elves, or at lea st wha t we hop e to be , re sp onse sto su ch questions be co me ess entia l whe n exa min in g st udent devel opm en t an dcitize nshi p ed ucation fo r to day ’s cla ssr o

However, any substantial shift in the culturalassociation between men and heroism probably awaits theentry of more women into the most common social rolesthat require risking one’s life. Such change is underway, assuggested by women constituting 15% of active duty mil-itary personnel in the United States (Office of the Secretaryof Defense, 2002), occupying many combat roles (McDon-ough, 2003), and receiving intense publicity for their mil-itary service in the war with Iraq

Our religion says we areour brother’s keepers

Consideration of risk taking as sex typed emerges mainly intwo theoretical traditions: analyses of the male gender roleand of the possible evolutionary origins of sex differencesin the propensity to take risks.

ordinarily performed voluntarily in thesense that they are not coerced by external pressures or atleast go beyond the bounds of the behavior ordinarilyinduced by external pressures, as in the case of militaryheroism

Thus, people who take risks merely for pleasure or toattract attention, as in extreme sports, are not deemedheroic, nor are people who serve valued social goals with-out risk to their own life or health, as in communityvolunteering

onjunction of risk taking and service to asocially valued goal that yields heroic status