The passions that incline men to peace are fear of death, desire of such thingsas are necessary to commodious living, and a hope by their industry to obtainthem. And reason suggesteth convenient articles of peace, upon which menmay be drawn to agreement. These articles are they which otherwise are calledthe Laws of Nature, whereof I shall speak more particularly in the two followingchapters.

Hereby it is manifest that, during the time men live without a common power tokeep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war, and such awar as is of every man against every man. For ‘war’ consisteth not in battle onlyor the act of fighting, but in a tract of time wherein the will to contend by battle issufficiently known, and therefore the notion of ‘time’ is to be considered in thenature of war, as it is in the nature of weather. For as the nature of foul weatherlieth not in a shower or two of rain but in an inclination thereto of many daystogether, so the nature of war consisteth not in actual fighting but in the knowndisposition thereto during all the time there is no assurance to the contrary. Allother time is ‘peace.’8

. If private property were abolished, all wealth held in common, andeveryone allowed to share in the enjoyment of it, ill-will and hostility would disappear among men.Since everyone's needs would be satisfied, no one would have any reason to regard another as hisenemy; all would willingly undertake the work that was necessary

We have already perceived that one of the main endeavours of civilization is to bring peopletogether into large unities. But the family will not give the individual up. The more closely the membersof a family are attached to one another, the more often do they tend to cut themselves off from others,and the more difficult is it for them to enter into the wider circle of lif

Nor must we allow ourselves to bemisled by judgements of value concerning any particular religion, or philosophic system, or ideal.Whether we think to find in them the highest achievements of the human spirit, or whether we deplorethem as aberrations, we cannot but recognize that where they are present and, in especial, where theyarc dominant, a high level of civilization is implied

What is the use of reducing infantile mortalitywhen it is precisely that reduction which imposes the greatest restraint on us in the begetting ofchildren, so that, taken all round, we nevertheless rear no more children than in the days before thereign of hygiene, while at the same time we have created difficult conditions for our sexual life inmarriage, and have probably worked against the beneficial effects of natural selection?

no single form of oppression canbe assigned causal or moral primacy

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