parent and peer socialization, genetically sensitive designs later clarified the substantial role of genes in the development of sociopolitical attitudes.

dissipated at later ages

primarily limited to childhood or adolescence and do not endure into adulthood

Significantly, parental influences on attitude formation may wane as offspring leave their rearing homes and are exposed to a wide range of social factors.

Adoption studies provide a direct way of assessing parental environmental influences, because in the absence of selective placement, resemblance between parents and adopted offspring can be due only to environmental mechanisms (McGue et al., 2007). The few adoption studies that exist contrast with twin studies in providing tantalizing hints at the potential influence of the shared family environment. In a study of adopted and biological adolescents between 12 and 15 years old, Abrahamson et al. (2002) reported significant shared environmental and parent–offspring cultural-transmission effects for the Wilson-Patterson scale of political conservatism as well as a measure of religiousness.

We found strong correlations between parent and offspring attitudes in both family types, indicating that parental socialization and gene–environment correlation persist well into adulthood even in the presence of substantial genetic contribution.

Swedish Twin Registry

Environmental influences were also relevant, although they appeared to be limited primarily to factors that contributed to twins’ attitudinal differences rather than similarities, which argues against the importance of parents.

Studies from the 1970s and 1980s comparing identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins found that twin similarity on sociopolitical attitudes and opinions, such as radicalism versus conservatism (Eaves & Eysenck, 1974) and endorsement of the death penalty, evolutionary theory, and abortion (N. G. Martin et al., 1986), could be attributed almost entirely to heritable effects

due to the genes they share rather than their common environment.

Perhaps the greatest challenge to the primacy afforded parental socialization comes from behavioral-genetics research, which has shown that political and social attitudes are heritable (Alford et al., 2005).

psychologist Gordon Allport, who concluded that the ethnic biases of young children mirrored those of their parents (Allport, 1954), and his Harvard contemporary, the prominent developmental psychologist Eleanor Maccoby, who showed that political-party affiliation and candidate endorsements of first-time voters closely paralleled those of their parents (Maccoby et al., 1954).

Children spend their formative years with their parents, who might shape ideological beliefs either directly (e.g., through political discussion) or indirectly (e.g., through modeling).

parents, who are seen to play a primary role in the political socialization of their children.

In a unique sample of 394 adoptive and biological families with offspring more than 30 years old, biometric modeling revealed significant evidence for genetic and nongenetic transmission from both parents for the majority of seven political-attitude phenotypes. We found the largest genetic effects for religiousness and social liberalism, whereas the largest influence of parental environment was seen for political orientation and egalitarianism. Together, these findings indicate that genes, environment, and the gene–environment correlation all contribute significantly to sociopolitical attitudes held in adulthood, and the etiology and development of those attitudes may be more important than ever in today’s rapidly changing sociopolitical landscape.

In my opinion, the changes wereprecipitated in schools being fostered by educators.

Beyond the money consideration, as a youngster, parents want their children to excel. Grades andhard work become important because you want to please your parents. Today due to politicalpressure...there are movements to eliminate grading as we know it...lower the bar for an A, slantgrading to complement lesser qualified students. The results...dumbed down professionals.Think about this...the person who graduated last in their medical class is still called Dr.! Yes,this is grading but like the food, it is all about politics, the basics of which you learned at yourkitchen table.

With a young family, parents without politics in mind, are teaching their childrenabout eating what is in front of them...no waste. Take care of your personal belongings...nowaste. Why? Because everything costs money. As your children get older and are learning inschool ECONOMICS... is where they begin to tie “no waste” with “money” which through thecourse of study ties in taxes, interest rates, inflation, and finally POLITICS!

all politics revolvesaround money

I don’t intentionally push my views on my children. However, as a parent, there arecertain beliefs I have that are embedded in my DNA and certainly come out in my parenting.Things like my views on abortion, meritocracy, socialism, etc. So while I don’t push anything onthem, some of my views may inadvertently land in their lap by way of my parenting approach

I only bring forward my own beliefs and/oropinions if I am specifically asked by one of the kids. I do all this to ensure the kids can: thinkfreely, ask questions, operate on facts (vs media), and allow them to come to their ownconclusions/beliefs.

understand

They've instilled in me the importance of critical thinking, empathy, and anappreciation for diverse perspectives.

Familyconversations remain influential, but exposure to diverse opinions at school and in thewider community also contributes to my evolving views

influential

Family dynamics serve as a foundation

Growing up in a household with lively political discussions, I've had the opportunity toexplore diverse perspectives. These conversations have challenged me to think criticallyand shaped my views on various issues.

Looking back, household dynamics played a big role. I didn't really dive into politics onmy own, so my parents' views pretty much set the tone. It's been a chill ride, not havingto stress about forming my own strong opinions. The family vibe has definitely shapedmy political values and overall worldview, and I'm cool with that

I listen, but it's not like I'm forming my own deep opinions. If there'ssomething they feel strongly about, I might adopt a similar stance, but it's more aboutkeeping things harmonious at home

My family environment is, like, the main source of my political awareness. I don't reallyseek out other perspectives.

I guess you could say I absorb their views, butit's not like I actively seek out political info. It's just what's around, you know?

To be honest, politics isn't really my thing.

While there haven't been significant shifts in my political perspectives, ongoing exposureto family conversations continues to contribute to my intellectual development. As Iprogress through my current grade, I anticipate that my evolving understanding ofpolitical issues may be influenced by a broader range of perspectives outside the familialsphere

Currently, my views largely align with those of my familymembers, reflecting the shared values and beliefs that have been integral to myupbringing

Regularfamily discussions, particularly during meals, provide a platform for absorbing diverseperspectives. The prevalent discourse within my family, led by my politically engagedparents, has undeniably contributed to the formation of my own perspectives.

Household dynamics play a large role because my home is most of the time the placewhere I find out new political information. Based on my parent’s views could impact myown, but if I have a different opinion I am free to share that in my home making mypolitical values really up to me

listen to their sideof things.

My political perspectives have relatively stayed the same and family conversations docontribute to this development, but not really change my views or opinions.

It depends upon the subject at hand.

Most political discussions influence my own opinions and are most of thetime the same as my parents/family

have highly influenced my political, and overallworld views, because of how I value what my parents teach me, and what they stand foras well as having my own opinions on subjects that they educate me about

will be affecting mein my future

grandparents or someone more knowledgeable than meteaches me more about what the politics that are going on in the world actually mean

Early intervention involves fostering open communication, promoting criticalthinking, and providing education on diverse perspectives. Encouraging a supportive andrespectful family environment can contribute to the development of independent andwell-rounded political perspectives in children.

Cultural influences can shape a child's sense of identity andpolitical views, and it's essential to promote understanding and acceptance

Schools can provide a neutral and supportive space for children to explore diverseperspectives. Educational institutions can implement programs that promote critical thinking,tolerance, and open dialogue to help children navigate conflicting political views at home.

Stress and trauma can impact a child's ability to form independent political viewsby creating emotional challenges. Coping mechanisms may include therapy, support groups, anddeveloping healthy communication skills to navigate the effects of stress or trauma

The impact on political views is interconnected, as family environments can shape a child'svalues and perspectives

Family dynamics play a crucial role in a child's mental health. Positiveinteractions contribute to emotional well-being, while negative dynamics may pose challenges

Throughout my career, I have dedicated myself to assisting individuals in copingwith mental, behavioral, and emotional challenges. My role involves helping patients developstrategies for behavior change and providing support to enhance their overall well-being

Parents can promote healthy political development by fostering opencommunication, modeling respectful disagreement, and encouraging critical thinking. Creating asupportive environment where children feel empowered to explore diverse perspectives helpsthem develop a nuanced understanding of the world.

Positive household dynamics may contribute to individuals with well-adjustedpolitical perspectives, while negative dynamics may lead to challenges that require therapeuticinterventions to navigate.

Positive family dynamics, characterized by open communication and respect fordiverse opinions, can contribute to the development of critical thinking skills and anopen-minded approach to politics.

closely intertwined with their openness orresistance to adopting specific political beliefs. Identity formation involves exploration and maylead to alignment with or divergence from familial or cultural political perspectives.

These influences can either reinforce or challenge theperspectives learned within the family, contributing to the complexity of political beliefformation.

Parental political views can significantly influence a child's perspectives, especiallyduring formative years. Children often adopt the beliefs of their primary caregivers, but there areinstances where individuals develop their own, divergent views as they mature. It's essential torecognize the complex interplay of factors contributing to political belief formation

The family environment serves as a primary context for the development of a child'sperceptions of authority, social values, and political beliefs. Parental figures often serve as early

Me: Can you provide some background on your experience as a clinical psychologist, especiallyin relation to your work with individuals of different age groups?Dr. Sorger: Over the years, I have worked extensively with individuals ranging from young toold, addressing a spectrum of concerns such as mood disorders, addictive behaviors, and theimpact of traumatic experiences. This diversity in age groups has equipped me with acomprehensive understanding of how psychological challenges manifest across the lifespan

Early childhood experiences play a pivotal role in shaping an individual'spersonality and belief systems. The family environment, including interactions with caregivers,sets the foundation for a child's sense of self, relationships, and worldview. Positive experiencescan foster resilience, while negative ones may contribute to challenges in identity formation

most parents pass along both kinds of affiliation, and they do so at similarly high rates

This may be surprising, considering that parents are more likely to prioritize the transmission of their religious views than their political views.

Still, many people switch religious affiliations or leave organized religion entirely between the ages of 18 and 29. So another way to gauge the transmission of religion is to look at how American adults describe the religion of the person or people who raised them, and then compare it with their own religious affiliation today. That’s what we did in another survey in 2015.

The transmission of religion through American families appears to be similarly efficient. In the same 2019 survey, 82% of Protestant parents had teens who also identified as Protestant, 81% of Catholic parents had Catholic teens, and 86% of religiously unaffiliated parents – those who described themselves as atheist, agnostic or nothing in particular – had teens who were also “nones.”

Meanwhile

n a fall survey by the Center, 35% of U.S. parents said it was extremely or very important that their kids grow up to share their religious views, while fewer than half as many (16%) said the same about their political views. Notably, parents saw both religious and political transmission as much less important than passing along other values, such as being honest and ethical, hardworking, and ambitious.

The survey indicated that the vast majority of parents with teens have passed along their political loyalties.

A recent study shows that children who are raised to have strong beliefs are also more likely to rebel against those views as they age.

It is widely believed that children will imitate their parents’ behaviors and attitudes—whether parents want them to or not. The 1961 Bobo Doll experiment, conducted by Stanford professor Albert Bandura, demonstrated that children will interact with others in the precise manner that was modeled for them by adults.

The 1961 Bobo Doll experiment

political rebellion later on.

They work to indoctrinate their children with a designated political viewpoint from an early age, raising them to be young ideologues.

Given this responsibility, many parents try to instruct their children and impart their views, perhaps hoping their kids become carbon copies of themselves, or become the people they wish they were themselves.

The family is an underlying influence on children's emotional attachment to a politicalparty. According to some researchers, in the process of political socialization of children, inthe grafting of political party identity, family is the biggest factor.

the structure of the families affects the political attitude and behavior of theindividual.

In the light of these explanations, the main purpose of this study is to show the effect of"family" on the individual's political attitude and behavior.

If there is harmony between the mother and the father, the child is naturally morelikely to support the same party. A research shows that; In France, the exchange ofinformation between children and parents rarely occurs, so % 28 of the French adopts theidentity of the same political party as their father.

. Researches on political elections also show that they come fromfamilies who are more interested in politics (Turan, 1991, p.56). Therefore, it is important tonote that, in terms of political participation, the family is quite important in terms of creating apolitical and social model for the individual,

Introduction

Neeley, a Democrat, grew up in a household where conservative views were pushed, but she never really agreed with her parents’ views. “I learned more and did more research and just listened to what I thought was right and am definitely a person with liberal views,” she said.

Other impacts

Argyle said people’s views are most likely to stay close to their parents’ views if their parents talked about politics in their home growing up.

“Political science research shows that families are typically the ‘starting point’ for someone’s political views,” she said. “Then, friends, communities, political events and other life experiences can shift people from that starting point, especially in the young adult years.”

Political science professor Lisa Argyle said family influence has a huge role in political opinions.

Religion and family are two things that BYU students and faculty say have an influence on their political beliefs.

Jeremy Pope, a BYU political science professor, said family influence plays a big part in people’s political beliefs.

stronger kinship ties are more likely to conform to their peers’ incorrect decisions(Henrich 2020). Those from ethnic groups that historically have stronger kinship ties tend to havehigh levels of ingroup trust and outgroup distrust, value traditions and customs, and raise theirchildren to be obedient.

In particular, strong family ties predict more conformity andless individualism. For example, compared to those who live in countries with weaker kinshipBritish Journal of Political Science 3https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000709 Published online by Cambridge University Press

both argue that strong family ties hindered the developmentof formal legal and political institutions, which are based on generalized social trust

Family structure varies on several dimensions, including who kin are allowedto marry, geographic distance to extended family, rules determining lineage descent, and fictivekinship, but family tie strength is an overarching dimension that is believed to be particularlyimportant (Enke 2019; Henrich 2020; Schulz et al. 2019).

Authoritarianism is an attitudinal measure, potentially influenced by politicalbeliefs (Bakker, Lelkes, and Malka 2021; Egan 2020), and is potentially downstream from familystructure. Ancestral kinship strength is a structural measure that focuses on a person’s ancestors’marriage and lineage rules.

In this paper, we argue that one source of variation is the structure of the family, which itself isrooted in the need for cooperation and the environment in which our ancestors lived. With a fewimportant exceptions (Putnam 1993; Robinson and Gottlieb 2021), political scientists have generallyignored the impact of family structure.

kinship

The preindustrial family structure, which was a function of local ecology and cooper-ation needs, instilled family members with different values, such as trust in strangers and respect forelders. These values passed through generations and, as we show in three studies, impact today’s politicalattitudes and policies.

Families are not only the first institution ever created, they are also, for most people, the first institutionever encountered.

Most parents do not successfully transmit their political values to their children, study finds

“There are at least two steps to transmitting values to children. First, children must accurately perceive their parent’s values, then they must choose whether or not to adopt those values. This is important because almost all prior approaches have overstated parent-to child transmission — they treated children who correctly perceived and adopted their parents values as the same as those who misperceived and rejected those values (and vice versa).”

said study author Pete Hatemi, a distinguished professor at Penn State University.

The researchers examined data from 4,852 parent–child dyads.

Less than half of all people in the United States adopt their parents’ political party affiliation