120 Matching Annotations
  1. Last 7 days
    1. Until now, elements were only generic ones. Such generic elements are useful to explain the underlying structure of the ArchiMate language, but they can’t be used as-is in a model, and you’ll have to pick more precise elements depending on the type of system you’re working on. The ArchiMate language distinguishes three main types: Business, Application and Technology, and call them Layers: The Business Layer is mainly used to model the organization of the enterprise (think "org chart"), services provided to (internal or external) clients, activities run by people, and information (at a conceptual level) needed to support these activities. The Application Layer is used to model applications that directly support business activities, either because they are used by the business or because they implement business rules. This excludes "commodity" softwares or middlewares such as the operating system itself, database management systems, message bus, application hosting platforms (J2EE, .NET, Node.JS…​), etc. that will be modeled using elements from the Technology Layer. The Technology Layer is used to model a broad range of systems: software systems, hardware systems, network systems, physical systems, etc. The system type determines the element used to model the system itself (the Active Structure), and this, in turn, determines the element used to model the associated stock (the Passive Structure).

      To be rewritten to comply with ArchiMate 4 and previous changes.

      JB

    2. There are plenty of examples of Passive Structures in our "Body System"

      Explain that in this example, nested is used to suggest that Blood and Nutients are "inside" the body, while other passive structures are ultimately outside.

      JB

    3. n the ArchiMate language, we’ll use the Serving relationship to denote that some systems provide its functionality (i.e. External Behavior or Service) to other systems.

      Serving starting from an active structure should have a name to describe "what" is offered/supports the target element.

      JB

    4. Like Flows, Triggering can be modeled between systems themselves (i.e. Active Structure), between their Behaviors or between a mix of both.

      Trigger targeting an active structure element should have a name describing "what" is triggered.

      JB

    5. Systems can exchange or share stocks through Flows. Flows can be modeled between systems themselves (i.e. Active Structure), between their Behaviors or a mix of both.

      Naming: flows should always have a name to describe "what" is flowing.

      JB

    6. Noting our "Body System" example, Triggering is seen in the following way:

      Remove the "organs" from the process steps name (organs are active structure).

      JB

    7. Let’s make our "Body System" a bit more detailed:

      Add some text to explain the usual naming conventions or constraints: behavior bust contain a verb or verb-like work as that's something which is done.

      JB

    8. In addition, elements are generic ones

      Should be replaced by "In addition, some elements are abstract ones".

      Rationale: behavior elements are now merged and thus are "real" elements. "generic" could be misinterpreted as "common", "abstract" seems a better choice.

      JB

    9. Now mature, the ArchiMate Specification has not undergone major changes since and has only seen minor updates in 2019 (with version 3.1) and 2022 (with version 3.2).

      Add a new bullet point to shortly describe ArchiMate 4.

      It might be good to also update the figure below to use the ArchiMate Hexagonion.

      JB

    10. In addition, some more advanced modeling use-cases are also addressed and some specialized concepts (which might be needed for some people) will be introduced. Feel-free to skip these advanced use-cases if they do not match your needs as this book never assumes you have read them.

      Check near the end of the work if this still applies.

      JB

  2. Jun 2025
    1. Relationships of Implementation and Migration Elements with Core Elements

      Now that role is a generic element, I think we should replace role assigned to workpackage by business actor assigned to work package (for the same reasons that role can no more be assigned to a stakeholder). (JB)

      edit: or if we decide to keep role here, then we might want to do the same with stakeholder.

      @MarcLankhorst I think we should discuss this during today's call.

    2. Facilities may be composite; i.e., aggregate sub-facilities.

      Any element can aggregate elements of the same type. Using the word "composite" is ambiguous at best and lead people think it is a composite element.

      I suggest to remove this sentense.

      (JB)

    3. referring to the type of hardware; e.g., “IBM System z mainframe”.

      I would remove this advice because, while prior to ArchiMate 3 Node used to be the best concept to model a server encompassing hardware (device) and (system) software, since ArchiMate 3.2, Node can no more really be used for that purpose because several relationships have been removed (such as Communication Network aggregates Node).

      This implies that now, Device has to take over Node to model a server (hard+soft), and thus its name cannot be restricted to type of hardware.

      (JB)

    4. The Technology Domain elements are typically used to model the Technology Architecture of the enterprise, describing the structure and behavior of the technology infrastructure of the enterprise

      Redundant use of "of the enterprise". This could be simplified to: The Technology Domain elements are typically used to model the structure and behavior of the technology infrastructure of the enterprise.

      (JB)

    5. by the TOGAF framework [Section 3.5, “Abstraction in the ArchiMate Language”.

      The end of this sentence is missing. Previously we had "and individual parts of such applications, at all relevant levels of detail." which makes sense. (JB)

    6. An application component may be assigned to one or more functions and/or processes, which represent its internal behavior.

      Technically speaking, with the new Common Domain metamodel, application components are assigned to roles, which in turn are assigned to behavior.

      Maybe we can rephrase a bit: "An application component may be assigned (through a role) to one or more..."

      (JB)

    7. Whenever applicable, inspiration has been drawn from the analogy with the Business Domain.

      Is this sentence still needed (added in ArchiMate 3.0 to emphasis the generic metamodel) ? (JB)

    8. and can be realized by data objects.

      I suggest to remove this part as: 1) material is missing, and 2) the following paragraphs provides similar (but accurate) information. (JB)

    9. Example 23: Business Active Structure Elements

      For internal consistency, this example should be updated as it describes the same collaboration than in "Figure 13. : Common Domain Elements", but with different members. (JB)

    10. Figure 46. Relationships Between Strategy Elements and Motivation and Core Elements

      I'd make explicite that Value Stream influences Value. As stated by Milan, we could also discuss an additional realization (with the same distinction than for requirement: if the Value Stream contributes to the Value, then influence, if it is mandatory to get this value, then realization).

      I'd also make it explicit that Work Package realizes Course of Action. Of course that's already possible as a derived relationship (through deliverable, core elements, and strategy behavior elements), but that's also true directly as a course of action is made concrete and actionable through multiple programs and projects, modeled as work packages.

      (JB)

    11. from the internal/external distinction in the Business, Application, and Technology domains.

      Should be "from the internal/external distinction from the Common, Business, Application, and Technology Domains". (JB)

    12. whereas Business Domain elements (Chapter 8, Business Domain) are used to model the operational organization of an enterprise.

      Should now be "Business and Common Domains elements". (JB)

    13. Stakeholder

      The accompanying text from previous versions is gone. I think this is a mistake. (JB)

      Here's the original text: This definition is based on the definition in the TOGAF framework [4]. A stakeholder has one or more interests in, or concerns about, the organization and its Enterprise Architecture. In order to direct efforts to these interests and concerns, stakeholders change, set, and emphasize goals. Stakeholders may also influence each other. Examples of stakeholders are the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the board of directors, shareholders, customers, business and application architects, but also legislative authorities. The name of a stakeholder should preferably be a noun.

    14. A junction is used to connect relationships of the same type.

      This should be the definition and not an accompanying text. We should even use the definition from chapter 2 which is more precise: "A [junction is a] concept that connects two or more relationships of the same type."

      (JB)

    15. A concept that connects two or more relationships of the same type.

      Junction is also defined in Chapter 5 (different wording btw). Maybe we should remove it from Chapter 2. (JB)

    16. path

      We should avoid the word "path" as it could be interpreted as the Path element.

      Replace with "A chain of junctions and relationships of a specific type is only allowed..."

      (JB)

    17. A junction is not a relationship in the same sense as the other relationships described in this chapter, but rather a connector between relationships.

      This should be an accompanying texte and not the definition (JB)

    18. temporal dependencies

      Can we really describe dynamic relationships as "temporal dependencies". This looks too close to the sole definition of triggering, and also suggest that they are a subset of dependency relationships.

      Maybe we could explain that, while structural and dependency relationships model the system "at rest", dependency relationships model the system "in motion".

      (JB)

    19. For example, consistently satisfying the principle “serve customers wherever they are”, will help to make the goal “increase market share”, come true. In other words, the principle contributes to the goal.

      This is more an example of a "horizontal" use of influence and not a "vertical" one as stated in the beginning of the next paragraph. (JB)

    20. create a new object, read data from the object, write or modify the object data, or delete the object.

      We had a discussion about clarifying that in addition to these CRUD meanings, some other was possible, such as transport (in conjunction with material). I thought we had an issue for that but I can't find it. I think we should discuss it again. (JB)

    21. Compared to the earlier versions of this standard, the name of this relationship has been changed from “used by” to “serving”, to better reflect its direction with an active verb: a service serves a user. The meaning of the relationship has not been altered. The “used by” designation is still allowed but deprecated, and will be removed in a future version of the standard.

      I guess it's time to remove this paragraph. (JB)

    22. The assignment relationship links active structure elements with units of behavior that are performed by them, business actors with roles that are fulfilled by them, and nodes with technology passive structure elements. It can, for example, relate an internal active structure element with an internal behavior element, an interface with a service, or a node, device, and system software with an artifact.

      Maybe we should add business actor / application component assigned to business / data object in this description (or remove the bit about node and technology passive structure elements (JB)

    23. The uniting (aggregating, assigned, or realizing) concept (the “from” side of the relationship) is always an element; for assignment and realization it can be an element or a junction. The united (being aggregated, assigned to, or realized) concept (the “to” side of the relationship) may also be, in some cases, another relationship or junction.

      Shouldn't this be moved to per relationship sections for the sake of readability? If not, I suggest to reformulate as saying that the uniting concept is ALWAYS an element and then providing two exceptions (over 3 relationships), is a bit odd. (JB)

    24. But note that most of these elements are abstract; they are not used in models but only their descendants in the different domains of the ArchiMate language.

      No more true. Should be removed (JB)

    25. Figure 15. Grouping Notation

      I don't remember a CR to change the box notation's outline from dotted to solid. And examples still use the dotted outline. Do we want to change it ? (JB)

    26. In addition to internal and external behavior elements, a third type of behavior element is defined to denote an event that can occur; for example, to signal a state change.

      Should be moved at the beginning of the "4.2.4 Event" section (JB)

  3. May 2025
    1. When modeling the internal behavior, it is often useful to distinguish a process view and a function view on behavior; two elements associated with these views, process and function, are defined. Both elements can be used to aggregate more detailed processes/functions but based on different aggregation criteria. A process represents a workflow consisting of smaller processes/functions executed in a certain order, with one or more clear starting points and leading to some result. It is sometimes described as “customer to customer”, where this customer may also be an internal customer in the case of sub-processes within an organization, or some system in the case of automated processes. The goal of such a process is to “satisfy or delight the customer” [10]. A function aggregates behavior based on required skills, resources, (application) support, etc. Typically, the processes of an organization or system are defined based on the products and services that this organization or system offers, while the functions are often the basis for the assignment of resources to tasks. It is permitted to use aggregation relationships between processes and functions; e.g., a process can aggregate other processes or functions, as can a function.

      Shouldn't this paragraphs moved after the "4.2.2. Process" header ? (JB)

    2. but some of the relationships that apply to the specialized element need not be allowed for the generalized element.

      As discussed during a meeting (during Marc's holidays), this sentence is wrong as it suggests we can authorize relationships to/from a specialized element that would otherwise not be allowed on the "root" element. (JB)

      Proposal: "but some of the relationships that apply to the generalized element need not be allowed for the specialized element.

      For reference, in 2.1, used to be "Specialized concepts inherit the properties of their “parent” concepts, but additional restrictions with respect to their use may apply. For example, some of the relationships that apply to the “parent” concept need not be allowed for the specialization."

    3. An external behavior element, called a service, represents

      Simplify by removing "an external behavior element, called", to keep only a definition starting with "A service represents..." (JB)

    4. A path can aggregate nodes.

      Not only node, but any active structure element. The meaning of this aggregation should be better explained. (JB)

      Proposal: "A path can aggregate internal active structure elements to model the people and technology on which the path relies"

    5. The relationships shown in this and other metamodel figures are not to be confused with ArchiMate relationships. They are metamodel relationships expressing the structure of the language rather than a model in the language.

      We should add back a note saying "In this and other metamodel figures, the label of a relationship signifies the role of the source element in the relationship; e.g., a service serves an internal behavior element." (JB)

    6. Nesting for other relationships has no defined meaning but is still allowed.

      5.2.2 still allow nesting for access, and I personally think it makes sense because this is another meaning than the newly added assignments to passive structure. (JB)

    7. See [ch-Common-Elements] for an explanation of the notation

      There is no more such explanation in "Common Domain" (or it as best incomplete). We might want to add back this previously existing note in "Common Domain" (and btw fix the reference): "In this and other metamodel figures, the label of a relationship signifies the role of the source element in the relationship; e.g., a service serves an internal behavior element." (JB)

    8. The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following people in the development of this and earlier versions of this standard:

      We have to update this part to reflect the involvement of every member of the Coronado workgroup (JB)

  4. Apr 2025
    1. Example 34: Cross-Layer Relationships

      I thought we agreed to use C to indicate common elements instead of B, A or T (this is also in the text about notational cues).

    2. Figure 6. Role Notation

      Placement of notation figures in this chapter is not consistent with the other chapters. Everywhere else, the notation figures are placed after the additional explanation, not directly after the definition.

    3. 10.3. Example

      This is a bit strange now. Although the physical elements are now completely integrated in the technology domain, the previous examples only use elements from the original (information) technology layer, while this overall example of the technology layer only uses physical elements.

    4. Figure 8. Path Notation

      Shouldn't there be some additional explanation for path? E.g., difference with network, naming, main relations, etc. The other elements have this, and there also was an explanation when Path was still in the technology layer (although this text will have to be modified because the use of Path has been extended).

    5. A process or function may be interpreted as the internal behavior of a single internal active structure element.

      This is no longer true, because collaborations now also perform processes or functions.