For example, you should pay attention to patterns and relationships and their significance, rather than just the words or numbers themselves.

We have two major memory systems that help to explain how memories are stored: working memory (sometimes referred to as short-term memory, although the actual meaning is not identical) and long-term memory.

First, you have to get information into your memory systems; call this process encoding

Moreover, with development, language, which is acultural product, comes to mediate individual mentalfunctioning. In other words, as children learn to use lan-guage, it gradually becomes incorporated into their thoughtprocesses and, as a result, it both facilitates and constrainsthinking.

This demonstrates latent learning. Ravi had learned the route to school, but had no need to demonstrate this knowledge earlier.

You know, for instance, that you can’t walk through walls or leap into the tops of trees

the brain actually continues to change in large ways for many years thereafter

In a similar way, flavors associated with stomach pain or illness become avoided and disliked. For example, a person who gets sick after drinking too much tequila may acquire a profound dislike of the taste and odor of tequila—a phenomenon called taste aversion conditioning.

working with a dog, a bell, and a bowl of saliva

But unlike instincts and reflexes, learned behaviors involve changeand experience: learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results fromexperience.