White space (“negative space”) gives users a mental break, preventing them from feeling overloaded. In UX, reducing cognitive load is crucial because overwhelmed users are more likely to abandon a task or make mistakes.

Grammar in discourse focuses on structure and clarity, much like consistent layouts, typography, and design systems help users understand interfaces easily. Logic deals with reasoning and flow, which mirrors how UX designers build intuitive navigation and logical information hierarchies that guide users smoothly from one step to the next. Finally, rhetoric aims to persuade and appeal to emotion, similar to how persuasive visuals, tone, and storytelling in UX encourage user engagement or action. In this way, the principles of classical discourse continue to shape how we communicate meaning effectively through modern digital design.

People are risk-averse when facing potential losses but may become risk-seeking when trying to avoid losing something.

Extraneous Load: How the information is presented (e.g., confusing layouts or too much text increases load).

The initial information skews perception and influences later decisions.

Items at the beginning are remembered well because they receive more attention and rehearsal.

More choices = longer decision time: If there are too many options, people take longer to decide because they must process more information.

Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias where people tend to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs or assumptions, while ignoring or discounting evidence that contradicts them. Essentially, we interpret and remember information in a way that supports what we already think, often without realizing it. An example would be therapy

W jobs gained aura

This is really important, due to the fact you have to predicts all the possibilities/outcomes of a product. For instance, Snapchat streaks are to increase engagement. But this could also put stress on the user to maintain said streaks.

The first example I can see with Labor Illusion being used in UX is the Hungry Howies app. If you order a pizza, you can see at what point the pizza process is at.

Reciprocity can be directly applied to UX design because it explains why users are more likely to engage with a website after being given something of value first. For example, Duolingo. People that use Duolingo find value by getting free language lessions. It gets to a point where a user feel good enough to the point where they find value enough to get the membership.

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