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    1. At the same time, Karl Marx (1818–1883) articulated a view of human history that likewise emphasized change and struggle. Conflicting social classes — enslaved people and their owners, peasants and nobles, workers and capitalists — successively drove the process of historical transformation.

      Marx's ideas of class conflict have always intrigued me, and I see them hold true today when we think about the elites and the working class. In my opinion, it is a shame that the Cold War and Red Scare created a taboo around critiquing capitalism, as Marx's theory of class conflict provides a very useful sense for looking at the power disparity between colonial elites and the working class. The wealth gap continuing to grow larger and larger makes me anticipate further class consciousness, although, I do not know if I foresee a classless society as Marx describes.

    2. If religion drove and justified European ventures abroad, it is difficult to imagine the globalization of Christianity (see Map 15.2) without the support of empire. Colonial settlers and traders, of course, brought their faith with them and sought to replicate it in their newly conquered homelands. New England Puritans, for example, planted a distinctive Protestant version of Christianity in North America, with an emphasis on education, moral purity, personal conversion, civic responsibility, and little tolerance for competing expressions of the faith. They did not show much interest in converting native peoples but sought rather to push them out of their ancestral territories.

      I find it interesting how, historically, Christian faith was often not used as a personal conviction but more so as a religion as a tool of the state. Puritans saw indigenous people as obstacles to removed rather than souls to be saved. This directly contrasts Early Islamic Caliphates as they had significant cultural synthesis and trade-based conventions, and were typically more tolerable towards other cultures and beliefs.

    3. The Romantic movement in art and literature appealed to emotion, intuition, passion, and imagination rather than cold reason and scientific learning.

      I find it quite interesting how the Romantic Movement had a correlation to the scientific rationalism of the Enlightenment, the cold constraints of Neoclassicism, and the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution. I view the Romantic Period as a sort of rebellion against the cold nature of Enlightenment. I've noticed a trend in history where a period defined by more calculated and cold concepts tends to lead to a birth of new art and literature, which reaffirms the idea that humans need both for expression and expansion.