Elouise Cobell was born on the Blackfeet Reservation in 1945, the middle of nine children. Her parents had a small ranch, and like many reservation families at the time, they didn’t have electricity or running water

he Indian as incommensurable savag

rt. 2. The Shawanoe nation, do acknowledge the United States to be the sole andabsolute sovereigns of all the territory ceded to them by a treaty of peace, made betweenthem and the King of Great-Britain, the fourteenth day of January, one thousand sevenhundred and eight-fou

“Domestic Dependent Nations”

Instead, current citizens of the Five Tribes today exercise the privileges ofdual citizenship and have the opportunity to participate in state and federal elections, inaddition to tribal participation

riends and Brothers:

GEORGE WASHINGTON,

ut nevertheless these Indians have rightswhich should be respected, and these rights the pro -posed legislation would treat with utter disregard.

That a perpetual peace and friendship shall from henceforth take place, and subsist between the contracting: parties aforesaid, through all succeeding generations:

This powerful coalition made it clear to Britain that the only way to prevent them from attacking the colonies and starting another costly war was to prevent Virginians from occupying the highly desired land in Kentucky.

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"They are worse than those we had on Guadalcanal,'.' is the way one Navaho ex-Marine summed it up. In summer, the roada are heaps of sand; in winter. mountains of mud.

ARTICLE 1. From this dav forward all war between the parties to /eace this agreement shall forever cease. The Government of the United s ip. States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and they now pledge their honor to keep it

Native activists and service providers in attendance were outraged by the BIA’s testimony.

Slavery also was an important marker of “civilization” in the South. Benjamin Hawkins, the federal Indian agent for the South from 1796 to 1816, lived among the Creeks and ran a model plantation staffed by several dozen slaves. He demonstrated how to farm various crops, made and repaired tools, and offered instructions on how to efficiently manage a slave labor force. [3]

The election specifically asked voters whether to amend the Cherokee Nation’s constitution to limit citi-zenship to those who can trace their heritage to the “Cherokee by Blood” Rolls,

Post-Civil War division of Indian territory, Oklahoma

The long and narrow room was filled with tables and folding chairs facing the single table reserved for the commissioners at the front of the room.

ted agreeably to the provisions of the said treaty, and any surplus which may remain after removal and payment of the claims so ascertained shall be turned over and belong to the education fund.

ICERR Pamphlet, Source: Alexandra Harmon, Rich Indians

In order to prevent the dam’s construction, the Seneca Nation waged a legal battle. During their testimony to the House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in April 1957, the Army Corps of Engineers justified the project, in part, because of its “good cost-benefit ratio”

The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct, at some place on the Missouri river, near the centre of said reservation where timber and water may be convenient, the following buildings, to wit, a warehouse, a store-room for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the Indians, to cost not less than $2,500; an agency building, for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding $3,000; a residence for the physician, to cost not more than $3,000; and five other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer-each to cost not exceeding $2,000; also, a school-house, or mission building, so soon as a sufficient number of children can be induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding $5,000.

This mother . . . Theseare the nicest people in the world. I mean, there are wayworse people in theworld than this family. This mother says, ‘So. You’re Indian! Tell us all about it.’“I looked at her and I didn’t say anything, ’cause I didn’t really know whatto say. She says, ‘See dear, you tell us all about it now, then we don’t have tobring it up again all weekend.’

Neither the United States nor the Indian tribes were able to control the actions of their subjects, as aggressive white settlers moved illegally into lands reserved for the Indians and as young Indian warriors continued their raids on white settlements after the chiefs had agreed to permanent peace. On the side of the whites the governmental system contributed to the problem, for trea-ties negotiated and signed in good faith by the executive branch were delayed, amended, or rejected by the Senate, and Congress was often slow or negligent in appropriating the funds needed to implement the treaties. But it is not proper to maintain, as some Indian groups have done, that an initial treaty is absolute and that any subsequent treaty, agreement, or statute that changes its provisions is an illegal abrogation of the original treaty.6

PROTECTION OF INDIANS' RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND CULTURAL INTEGRITY:

AreassupposedlycededbyIndiansinthe1851-52treaties(blankareas)andareasintendedtobereserved(hachuredareas).Treatydesignations(A-Q)arethoseusedbythePresidentin1852.(AfterRoyce1899:Pi.CXIV).

The takeover began November 20, 1969. Media coverage materialized immediately. Protestors occupied the island for nineteen months, until the last occupiers were removed on June 11, 1971.

As a reminder, under allotment, when the President deemed a tribe “ready,” their reservation could be split into individual allotments or homesteads. These allotments would be exempt from taxation and ineligible for sale for 25 years. After the period of 25 years, the trust restriction would be lifted and the Indian allottee would become the owner of the land in fee. In addition, any “surplus” land could be sold off to white settlers.

Kiowa men’s roles were greatly altered as a result of the reservation system. Hunting and procuring through raiding were coming to an end. Men continued to hunt and exchange hides with local traders for manufactured goods and to reduce debts, but the robe and fur trade had collapsed, falling from $70,400 in 1876 to $5,068 in 1879. In the waning years of the buffalo business, Indians benefited less and less while American hunters and merchants wrung the last of the profits out of the robe trade.

In consideration of the advantages conferred by this supplementary treaty upon the the Apache tribe of Indians, they agree to observe and faithfully comply with all the stipulations and agreements entered into by the Kiowas and Comanches in said original treaty. They agree, in the same manner, to keep the peace toward the whites and all other persons under the jurisdiction of the United States, and to do and perform all other things enjoined upon said tribes by the provisions of said treaty; and they hereby give up and forever relinquish to the United States all rights, privileges, and grants now vested in them, or intended to be transferred to them, by the treaty between the United States and the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes of Indians, concluded at the camp on the Little Arkansas River, in the State of Kansas, on the fourteenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, and also by the supplementary treaty, concluded at the same place on the seventeenth day of the same month, between the United States, of the one part, and the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Apache tribes, of the other part.