Would Trump, they asked, support free college? The answer, Clovis said, would be “unequivocally no.”
This is heartbreaking and unconstitutional, everyone deserves a good education. how would the world create innovators, educators, and mentors, etc if only those who can afford college can apply. there has to be some balance to both sides.
Hillary Clinton—who originally argued that she believed in “affordable college” but not “free college.” Later in the campaign, she changed her tune, announcing a proposal to eliminate tuition at public colleges for families making less than $125,000 annually.
WOW! I had no idea Mrs. Clinton had this feel for low-income families.
Obama told lawmakers and those gathered on Capitol Hill. “I want to spread that idea all across America, so that two years of college becomes as free and universal in America as high school is today.” It was a noble goal. Two years of college for free. It wasn’t exactly the Kalamazoo Promise, but it was ambitious.
Having this advocation pushed a movement and help to accomplish advancing education!
The school district saw results: Its enrollments jumped, and so too did the number of teachers in the district. The district was able to build new schools for the first time since the 1970s. The offer brought change not just to Kalamazoo schools, but to the whole city. Businesses came to the area, and with them workers anxious for their children to get free tuition. These families would still have to pay room and board and other college fees on their own, but to have tuition covered surely alleviated at least some of their fears, and reduced the likelihood of these kids having to take on a lifetime burden of student debt.
When we help others it helps us. it brings people, ideas, and collaboration to life as a whole.
They had good reason to be happy. The vice principal had just announced over the P.A. system that anonymous benefactors would be paying the students’ college tuition—all of the students across the entire school district, from kindergarten to high school, in perpetuity. Starting in 2006 and continuing until this day, the students have taken part in a social experiment of sorts.
This explains the joy from everyone on the good news of resources coming their way.
Americans should be able to upgrade their skills affordably, Obama argued. Forty percent of American college students attended community college, he pointed out, suggesting that that was the place to start with free tuition.
As a nation we should be able to upgrade and obtain advancing skills to better ourselves.
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} .rad-story-body p.paragraph a:active { top: 1px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-story-body p.paragraph a { background-position: 0 calc(100% - 1px); } .rad-story-body p.paragraph a:hover { text-shadow: 3px 1px 0 #ffffff, -3px 1px 0 #ffffff, 0 1px 0 #ffffff, 4px 1px 0 #ffffff, -4px 1px 0 #ffffff; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-story-body p.paragraph a { background-position: 0 calc(100% - 1px); } .rad-story-body p.paragraph a:hover { text-shadow: 3px 2px 0 #ffffff, -3px 2px 0 #ffffff, 0 2px 0 #ffffff, 4px 2px 0 #ffffff, -4px 2px 0 #ffffff; } } .rad-story-body p.paragraph.paragraph-detail { font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #999999; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-story-body p.paragraph.paragraph-detail { font-size: 16px; } } .rad-story-body p.paragraph.paragraph-summary { font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-story-body p.paragraph.paragraph-summary { font-size: 21px; } } .section-magazine .d-pullquote-wrapper .d-pullquote, .d-pullquote { padding: 0 !important; } .section-magazine .d-pullquote-wrapper .d-pullquote p, .d-pullquote p { text-align: left !important; font-family: "nyt-mag-slab", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif !important; font-size: 32px !important; line-height: 1 !important; } .rad-interactive .rad-interactive-wrapper { border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; } .rad-story-body .dropcap { float: left; display: block; position: relative; font-family: "nyt-mag-slab", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-weight: 200; font-size: 3.2rem; line-height: 1; height: auto; margin-right: 34px; margin-top: 3px; overflow: hidden; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-story-body .dropcap { font-weight: 100; height: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; } } .rad-lead-in { font-family: "nyt-cheltenham-sh", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; font-weight: 600; font-size: 90%; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; -webkit-font-feature-settings: "kern"; -moz-font-feature-settings: "kern"; font-feature-settings: "kern"; } .rad-corrections { max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-corrections { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .rad-corrections { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-corrections { padding: 0; } .rad-corrections:before { width: 100px; } } .rad-corrections p { font-family: "imperial-normal-500", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; } .rad-corrections p { font-style: italic; } .rad-corrections h5 { font-size: 15px; font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; color: #cccccc; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 2em; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-corrections h5 { font-size: 15px; } } .rad-corrections h5 strong { font-weight: bold; color: #000000; padding-right: 10px; } .rad-article-credits, .interactive-credit { max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-article-credits, .interactive-credit { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .rad-article-credits, .interactive-credit { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-article-credits, .interactive-credit { padding: 0; } .rad-article-credits:before, .interactive-credit:before { width: 100px; } } .rad-article-credits p, .interactive-credit p { color: #999999; font-family: "nyt-mag-sans", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; line-height: 1.3; } .rad-article-credits:before { display: block; content: ' '; width: 100px; height: 1px; background-color: #e2e2e2; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .media.audio, .media.photo, .media.video { margin: 0 auto; padding-bottom: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.audio, .media.photo, .media.video { padding-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio, .media.photo, .media.video { padding-bottom: 30px; } } .media.audio .rad-media-wrapper, .media.photo .rad-media-wrapper, .media.video .rad-media-wrapper { padding: 0 20px; } .full_bleed.media.audio .rad-media-wrapper, .full_bleed.media.photo .rad-media-wrapper, .full_bleed.media.video .rad-media-wrapper, .jumbo.media.audio .rad-media-wrapper, .jumbo.media.photo .rad-media-wrapper, .jumbo.media.video .rad-media-wrapper { padding: 0; } @media screen and (min-width: 600px) { .media.audio .rad-media-wrapper, .media.photo .rad-media-wrapper, .media.video .rad-media-wrapper { padding: 0; } } .media.audio .image, .media.photo .image, .media.video .image { padding: 0; margin-bottom: 0; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; } .media.audio.large, .media.photo.large, .media.video.large { max-width: 600px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio.large, .media.photo.large, .media.video.large { max-width: 630px; } } .media.audio.jumbo, .media.photo.jumbo, .media.video.jumbo { max-width: 1070px; } .media.audio.full_bleed, .media.photo.full_bleed, .media.video.full_bleed { max-width: 1400px; } .media.audio.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper { padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; margin-left: 0; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.audio.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper { padding-left: 0; max-width: 630px; } } .media.audio.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper { padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; margin-left: 0; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.audio.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.full_bleed .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 630px; } } .paragraph + .media.audio, .paragraph + .media.photo, .paragraph + .media.video { margin-top: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .paragraph + .media.audio, .paragraph + .media.photo, .paragraph + .media.video { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .paragraph + .media.audio, .paragraph + .media.photo, .paragraph + .media.video { margin-top: 30px; } } .media.audio .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video .rad-caption-wrapper { display: block; margin: 0 auto; padding: 5px 0 0; max-width: 600px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.photo .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 600px) { .small.media.audio .rad-caption-wrapper, .small.media.photo .rad-caption-wrapper, .small.media.video .rad-caption-wrapper { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .full_bleed.media.audio .rad-caption-wrapper, .full_bleed.media.photo .rad-caption-wrapper, .full_bleed.media.video .rad-caption-wrapper, .jumbo.media.audio .rad-caption-wrapper, .jumbo.media.photo .rad-caption-wrapper, .jumbo.media.video .rad-caption-wrapper, .large.media.audio .rad-caption-wrapper, .large.media.photo .rad-caption-wrapper, .large.media.video .rad-caption-wrapper { box-sizing: border-box; } } .media.audio .rad-caption-text, .media.photo .rad-caption-text, .media.video .rad-caption-text { font-family: "nyt-mag-sans", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #666666; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8.5px; } .media.audio .rad-credit, .media.photo .rad-credit, .media.video .rad-credit { clear: both; font-family: "nyt-mag-sans", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8.5px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.audio .rad-credit, .media.photo .rad-credit, .media.video .rad-credit { padding: 0; } } .full_bleed.media.audio .rad-credit, .full_bleed.media.photo .rad-credit, .full_bleed.media.video .rad-credit, .jumbo .media.audio .rad-credit, .jumbo .media.photo .rad-credit, .jumbo .media.video .rad-credit { padding-right: 3px; } .image img.rad-lazy { width: 100%; opacity: 0.3; transition: opacity 0.5s; margin-bottom: 0; height: 0; } .image img.rad-lazy.ll-loaded { height: auto; opacity: 1; z-index: 3; position: relative; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.video.small .rad-caption-wrapper { box-sizing: border-box; padding-right: 200px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.video.jumbo .rad-caption-wrapper { padding-left: 20px; } } .media.photo.small { margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.photo.small { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.photo.small { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.photo.small { margin-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.photo.small { margin-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 600px) { .media.photo.small { margin: 0 auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1005px) { .media.photo.small { max-width: 1070px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1335px) { .media.photo.small { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 600px) { .media.photo.small .rad-media-wrapper, .media.photo.small .rad-interactive-wrapper { width: 33.33333333%; position: relative; float: right; margin: 7px 20px 20px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 960px) { .media.photo.small .rad-media-wrapper, .media.photo.small .rad-interactive-wrapper { width: 300px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1335px) { .media.photo.small .rad-media-wrapper, .media.photo.small .rad-interactive-wrapper { width: 50%; margin: 0 calc(-50% - 2em) 2rem 2rem; } } .rad-diptych { max-width: 1110px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-top: 24px; overflow: hidden; clear: both; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-diptych { padding-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-diptych { padding-top: 30px; } } .rad-diptych .media.video .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-diptych .media.photo .rad-media-wrapper { padding: 0; } .rad-diptych .media.photo, .rad-diptych .media.video { max-width: 100%; } .rad-diptych .media.photo .rad-caption-text, .rad-diptych .media.video .rad-caption-text, .rad-diptych .media.photo .rad-credit, .rad-diptych .media.video .rad-credit { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } .rad-diptych .media.video .rad-caption .rad-caption-wrapper, .rad-diptych .media.photo .rad-caption .rad-caption-wrapper { padding: 5px 0 0; max-width: 600px; margin: 0; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-diptych .media.video .rad-caption .rad-caption-wrapper, .rad-diptych .media.photo .rad-caption .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-diptych { margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 24px; } .rad-diptych .media.photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.large { width: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 36px; padding: 0 10px 0 20px; } .rad-diptych .media.photo.small .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-diptych .media.video.small .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-diptych .media.video.large .rad-media-wrapper { width: 100% !important; margin: 0 !important; } .rad-diptych .media.photo.small + .photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large + .photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.small + .photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.large + .photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.small + .photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large + .photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.small + .photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.large + .photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.photo.small + .video.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large + .video.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.small + .video.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.large + .video.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.small + .video.large, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large + .video.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.small + .video.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.large + .video.large { padding-left: 10px; float: right; padding-right: 20px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) and screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-diptych { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) and screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-diptych { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) and screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-diptych .media.photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.large { margin-bottom: 45px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) and screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-diptych .media.photo.small, .rad-diptych .media.photo.large, .rad-diptych .media.video.small, .rad-diptych .media.video.large { margin-bottom: 45px; } } .media.video { margin: 0 auto; padding-bottom: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .media.video { padding-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.video { padding-bottom: 30px; } } .media.video.small { max-width: 600px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.video.small { max-width: 630px; } } .media.video.large { max-width: 1070px; } .media.video.jumbo { max-width: 1400px; } .media.video.small .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.large .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.video.small .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.large .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .media.video.small .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.video.large .rad-caption-wrapper { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } .paragraph + .media.video { margin-top: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .paragraph + .media.video { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .paragraph + .media.video { margin-top: 30px; } } .media.video .rad-credit { display: block; margin-top: 0; padding: 0 3px 0 0; } .rad-spinner { position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; z-index: 2; transform: translate3d(-50%, -50%, 0); } .rad-spinner:after { content: ''; display: block; box-sizing: border-box; width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 100%; border: 5px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); border-top-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); animation: spin 1s infinite linear; } @keyframes spin { 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); } } .media.audio { float: none; margin: 30px auto; padding: 0; max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .media.audio { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } .media.audio .rad-media-wrapper { padding: 0; } .media.audio.small { max-width: 600px; width: 600px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio.small { max-width: 630px; width: 630px; } } .media.audio.large { width: inherit; } .media.audio.jumbo { max-width: 1400px; width: 1400px; } .media.audio.small .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.audio.large .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .media.audio.small .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.audio.large .rad-caption-wrapper { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .media.audio.small .rad-caption-wrapper, .media.audio.large .rad-caption-wrapper { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } .rad-interactive { max-width: 2000px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 24px; position: relative; overflow: hidden; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-interactive { margin-top: 30px; } } .rad-interactive .rad-interactive-wrapper { padding: 15px 0; border-top: 1px solid #e2e2e2; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e2e2; margin-bottom: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive .rad-interactive-wrapper { margin-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-interactive .rad-interactive-wrapper { margin-bottom: 30px; } } .rad-interactive.small { overflow: visible; margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive.small { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-interactive.small { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive.small { margin-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-interactive.small { margin-bottom: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 600px) { .rad-interactive.small { margin: 0 auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1005px) { .rad-interactive.small { max-width: 1070px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1335px) { .rad-interactive.small { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 600px) { .rad-interactive.small .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-interactive.small .rad-interactive-wrapper { width: 33.33333333%; position: relative; float: right; margin: 7px 20px 20px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 960px) { .rad-interactive.small .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-interactive.small .rad-interactive-wrapper { width: 300px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1335px) { .rad-interactive.small .rad-media-wrapper, .rad-interactive.small .rad-interactive-wrapper { width: 50%; margin: 0 calc(-50% - 2em) 2rem 2rem; } } .rad-interactive.large { max-width: 600px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-interactive.large { max-width: 630px; } } .rad-interactive.jumbo { max-width: 1070px; } .rad-interactive.full_bleed { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 100%; } .rad-interactive.full_bleed .rad-interactive-wrapper { border: none; padding: 0; } .rad-interactive.small, .rad-interactive.large, .rad-interactive.jumbo { padding: 0 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive.small, .rad-interactive.large, .rad-interactive.jumbo { padding: 0; } } .rad-interactive img { margin-bottom: 0; } .rad-interactive .interactive-summary { font-family: "nyt-cheltenham-sh", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.4; color: #666666; padding-top: 5px; } .rad-interactive .credit, .rad-interactive .notes, .rad-interactive .source { display: block; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 0; font-family: "nyt-mag-sans", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 8.5px; } .rad-interactive + .media.photo { margin-top: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive + .media.photo { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-interactive + .media.photo { margin-top: 30px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-interactive + .media.photo { margin-top: 0; } } .rad-series-box { max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; padding-top: 48px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-series-box { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .rad-series-box { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-series-box { padding-top: 60px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-series-box { padding-top: 60px; } } .rad-series-box h2 { font-weight: 700; font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 20px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-series-box h2 { font-size: 17px; } } .rad-series-links { color: #000000; } .rad-series-links .rad-caption { display: none; } .rad-series-links a { color: #000000; display: table; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .rad-series-links a:hover { text-decoration: none; } .has-no-touch .rad-series-links a:hover h3 { border-bottom: 2px solid #cccccc; text-shadow: 0 2px 0 #fff; } .rad-series-links .promo-info, .rad-series-links .promo-image { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } .rad-series-links .promo-info { padding: 0 0 0 20px; } .rad-series-links h3 { display: inline; font-family: "nyt-cheltenham-sh", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-right: 5px; } @media screen and (min-width: 769px) { .rad-series-links h3 { font-family: "nyt-cheltenham", georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.2; } } .rad-series-links .pubdate { display: inline; color: #cccccc; font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.02em; white-space: nowrap; } .rad-series-links .promo-image { width: 33%; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .rad-series-links .promo-image:empty:after { display: block; content: ' '; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 66.667%; } .rad-series-links .media.photo { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .rad-series-links .media.photo .rad-media-wrapper { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #story { opacity: 1; position: relative; transform: none; transition: all 0.45s ease-in-out; } .rad-fade #story { transform: translateY(0); opacity: 0; } .rad-unload #story { transform: translateY(-60px); } #masthead { position: relative; opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); transition: transform 0.45s ease-in-out; } .rad-fade #masthead { opacity: 0 !important; transform: translateY(0); transition: opacity 0.45s ease-in-out; } .rad-unload #masthead { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-60px); transition: all 0.45s ease-in-out; } #related-coverage, .viewport-medium #related-coverage { margin-top: 48px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { #related-coverage, .viewport-medium #related-coverage { margin-top: 60px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { #related-coverage, .viewport-medium #related-coverage { margin-top: 60px; } } .rad-article + .rad-article { border-top: 2px solid #e2e2e2; transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); transition: transform 0.4s ease-in; } .rad-article + .rad-article.is-loaded { transform: none; } .rad-article .rad-series-link-wrapper { max-width: 600px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 5rem; } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-article .rad-series-link-wrapper { max-width: 630px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 640px) { .rad-article .rad-series-link-wrapper { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } .rad-article .rad-series-link { color: #326891; position: relative; text-shadow: 3px 1px 0 #ffffff, -3px 1px 0 #ffffff, 0 1px 0 #ffffff; background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(50, 104, 145, 0) 50%, rgba(50, 104, 145, 0.4) 50%); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 2px 2px; background-position: 0 calc(100% - 1px); text-decoration: none; font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.4s ease-in; } .rad-article .rad-series-link:hover { text-shadow: 3px 1px 0 #ffffff, -3px 1px 0 #ffffff, 0 1px 0 #ffffff; text-decoration: none; background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(50, 104, 145, 0) 50%, #326891 50%); } .rad-article .rad-series-link:active { top: 1px; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-article .rad-series-link { background-position: 0 calc(100% - 1px); } .rad-article .rad-series-link:hover { text-shadow: 3px 1px 0 #ffffff, -3px 1px 0 #ffffff, 0 1px 0 #ffffff, 4px 1px 0 #ffffff, -4px 1px 0 #ffffff; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-article .rad-series-link { background-position: 0 calc(100% - 1px); } .rad-article .rad-series-link:hover { text-shadow: 3px 2px 0 #ffffff, -3px 2px 0 #ffffff, 0 2px 0 #ffffff, 4px 2px 0 #ffffff, -4px 2px 0 #ffffff; } } .rad-article.article-active .rad-series-link, .rad-article.article-loading .rad-series-link { opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; } .rad-article.article-active + .rad-article { transform: translate3d(0, 300px, 0); } .rad-article.article-active.is-loaded + .rad-article { transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); } .rad-article .rad-story-body-inner { transition: all 0.4s ease-in; opacity: 0; max-height: 0; overflow: hidden; } .rad-article.article-active .rad-story-body-inner { opacity: 1; max-height: 100%; } .rad-article .rad-story-body-mask { display: block; margin-top: -150px; width: 100%; height: 150px; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5) 10%, #ffffff 100%); opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in; position: relative; z-index: 10; } .rad-story-body-mask .rad-spinner:after { border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); height: 30px; width: 30px; border-width: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 3px #fff; } .rad-story-body-mask .rad-spinner { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 0.4s ease-in; } .article-loading .rad-story-body-mask .rad-spinner { opacity: 1; } .rad-article.article-active .rad-story-body-mask { pointer-events: none; opacity: 0; } .rad-social .sharetool { display: inline-block; } .rad-social .sharetool a { width: 32px; height: 32px; display: inline-block; padding: 0; border-radius: 20px; color: white !important; line-height: 1.2 !important; background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .rad-social .sharetool a .sharetool-text { visibility: hidden; } .rad-social .sharetool a[data-share="twitter"] { background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'); } .rad-social .sharetool a[data-share="twitter"]:hover { background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMzJweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMnB4IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzIgMzIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayI+CiAgICA8IS0tIEdlbmVyYXRvcjogU2tldGNoIDMuOC4zICgyOTgwMikgLSBodHRwOi8vd3d3LmJvaGVtaWFuY29kaW5nLmNvbS9za2V0Y2ggLS0+CiAgICA8dGl0bGU+dHdpdHRlcl9ob3ZlcjwvdGl0bGU+CiAgICA8ZGVzYz5DcmVhdGVkIHdpdGggU2tldGNoLjwvZGVzYz4KICAgIDxkZWZzPjwvZGVmcz4KICAgIDxnIGlkPSJQYWdlLTEiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJzcHJpdGUtbm8tcmVwZWF0IiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtNDcwLjAwMDAwMCwgLTI4MC4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPGcgaWQ9InR3aXR0ZXJfaG92ZXIiIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDQ3MC4wMDAwMDAsIDI4MC4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xNiwzMiBDMjQuODM2LDMyIDMyLDI0LjgzNyAzMiwxNiBDMzIsNy4xNjMgMjQuODM2LDAgMTYsMCBDNy4xNjQsMCAwLDcuMTYzIDAsMTYgQzAsMjQuODM3IDcuMTY0LDMyIDE2LDMyIiBpZD0iU2hhcGUiIGZpbGw9IiM1MEFBRjAiPjwvcGF0aD4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0yNSwxMS4xMzUgQzI0LjM3NCwxMS40MTIgMjMuNzAzLDExLjU5OSAyMi45OTcsMTEuNjg0IEMyMy43MTYsMTEuMjUzIDI0LjI3LDEwLjU2OCAyNC41MzEsOS43NTUgQzIzLjg1NSwxMC4xNTUgMjMuMTA5LDEwLjQ0NSAyMi4zMTcsMTAuNjAxIEMyMS42OCw5LjkyNCAyMC43NzMsOS41IDE5Ljc2OSw5LjUgQzE3Ljg0NSw5LjUgMTYuMjgyLDExLjA2MiAxNi4yODIsMTIuOTg3IEMxNi4yODIsMTMuMjYxIDE2LjMxMywxMy41MjcgMTYuMzcyLDEzLjc4MiBDMTMuNDc0LDEzLjYzNiAxMC45MDIsMTIuMjQ5IDkuMTgyLDEwLjEzOSBDOC44ODIsMTAuNjUzIDguNzEsMTEuMjUzIDguNzEsMTEuODkyIEM4LjcxLDEzLjEwMiA5LjMyNiwxNC4xNjggMTAuMjYyLDE0Ljc5NSBDOS42OSwxNC43NzcgOS4xNTIsMTQuNjIgOC42ODIsMTQuMzU4IEw4LjY4MiwxNC40MDMgQzguNjgyLDE2LjA5MiA5Ljg4MywxNy41MDIgMTEuNDc4LDE3LjgyMiBDMTEuMTg2LDE3LjkwMiAxMC44NzgsMTcuOTQ0IDEwLjU2LDE3Ljk0NCBDMTAuMzM2LDE3Ljk0NCAxMC4xMTcsMTcuOTIzIDkuOTA0LDE3Ljg4MiBDMTAuMzQ3LDE5LjI2NiAxMS42MzUsMjAuMjc2IDEzLjE2MSwyMC4zMDMgQzExLjk2OCwyMS4yMzggMTAuNDYzLDIxLjc5NiA4LjgzLDIxLjc5NiBDOC41NDgsMjEuNzk2IDguMjcxLDIxLjc4IDcuOTk4LDIxLjc0NyBDOS41NDIsMjIuNzM3IDExLjM3NSwyMy4zMTQgMTMuMzQ0LDIzLjMxNCBDMTkuNzU5LDIzLjMxNCAyMy4yNjgsMTggMjMuMjY4LDEzLjM5MSBDMjMuMjY4LDEzLjIzOCAyMy4yNjQsMTMuMDg5IDIzLjI1NiwxMi45MzkgQzIzLjk0MSwxMi40NDggMjQuNTM0LDExLjgzNCAyNSwxMS4xMzUiIGlkPSJTaGFwZSIgZmlsbD0iI0ZGRkZGRiI+PC9wYXRoPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4='); } .rad-social .sharetool a[data-share="facebook"] { background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'); } .rad-social .sharetool a[data-share="facebook"]:hover { background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'); } .rad-social .sharetool + .sharetool a { margin-left: 5px; } .rad-social .sharetools-menu { margin: 15px 0; } .ad.top-ad { border-color: transparent; } .rad-ad-wrapper { margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 36px; margin-bottom: 48px; text-align: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-ad-wrapper { margin-top: 45px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-ad-wrapper { margin-top: 45px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-ad-wrapper { margin-bottom: 60px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1155px) { .rad-ad-wrapper { margin-bottom: 60px; } } .rad-ad-wrapper.has-border { padding: 30px 0; border-color: #e2e2e2; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0; } .rad-ad-wrapper .ad { margin: 30px auto 50px; } .rad-ad-wrapper .ad:before { display: block; content: 'Advertisement'; text-transform: uppercase; font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #cccccc; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; text-align: center; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; } .rad-ad-wrapper:last-child { border-width: 0; margin: 40px 20px; padding: 30px 0; } @media screen and (min-width: 720px) { .rad-ad-wrapper:last-child { max-width: 705px; margin: 40px auto 0; } } @media screen and (min-width: 960px) { .rad-ad-wrapper:last-child { max-width: 945px; } } .rad-ad-wrapper .rad-ad { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } @media print { * { background: #fff !important; } .quick-navigation, #masthead .story-meta, .user-tools, .search-flyout-panel, .notification-modals, .announcments, #navigation, #mobile-navigation, .rad-ad-wrapper, figure, .rad-interactive, .media.video, .media.photo, #footer, #related-coverage, .visually-hidden, #page-footer li, .ad, .last-nav, .rad-cover-container, .cover-caption, .cover-replay, .nyt-logo, .location-header-wrapper img { display: none !important; } #page-footer ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #page-footer nav ul li:first-child { display: block !important; text-align: center; } .masthead { padding-bottom: 0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.2in; margin-top: 45px; position: static !important; } .masthead .branding { float: none !important; display: block !important; height: 20px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } a { color: #000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; } .rad-cover { height: auto !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .rad-cover .story-heading { color: #111 !important; position: static !important; text-align: center !important; margin: 0 !important; } .rad-cover .interactive-header { position: static !important; max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto !important; } .rad-cover .interactive-header p { position: static !important; max-width: 600px; color: #111 !important; } .rad-cover .interactive-header p br { display: none !important; } } .topnav { position: fixed; height: 50px; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; transition: top 0.25s ease-in-out, opacity 0s linear 0.25s, background-color 0.25s linear; z-index: 5555; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav { display: block; height: 67px; top: -67px; opacity: 0; background-color: #000; } .topnav path { fill: #fff; } .topnav .toggler { display: none; } } .topnav .toggler { outline: 0; padding: 4px 10px 6px; background: transparent; outline: none; border: 0px; } .topnav .toggler.is-active { transform: rotate(-180deg); } .topnav .toggler img { opacity: 0; width: 14px; margin: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s linear; } .topnav__wrapper { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav__wrapper { width: auto; } } .topnav__contents { position: fixed; height: calc(100vh - 50px); opacity: 0; top: -100vh; left: 0; right: 0; transition: top 0.5s ease-in-out, opacity 0s linear 0.5s; background: #000; overflow-y: auto; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .topnav__contents.show-nav { top: 50px; opacity: 1; transition: top 0.5s ease-in-out, opacity 0s linear 0s; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav__contents.show-nav { top: auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav__contents { position: relative; top: auto; height: auto; left: auto; right: auto; max-width: calc(100% - 260px); overflow-y: hidden; opacity: 1; } } .topnav--show-nav { top: 0; opacity: 1; background-color: #000; transition: top 0.25s ease-in-out, opacity 0s linear 0s, background-color 0.25s linear 0s; } .topnav--show-nav .toggler img { opacity: 1; } .topnav--show-nav .topnav__kicker span { opacity: 1; } .topnav--show-nav .topnav__kicker path { fill: #fff; } .topnav--show-nav .topnav__kicker span { color: #ff2700; } .topnav__control { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; height: 67px; width: 50px; z-index: -1; opacity: 0; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #000; transition: opacity 0.25s linear; width: 32px; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 17px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav__control { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } } .topnav__control img { width: 25px; opacity: 0; } .topnav__control--show { z-index: 1; opacity: 1; } .topnav__control--show:hover { opacity: 1; } .topnav__control--prev { left: 260px; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); } .topnav__control--next { right: 0; width: 32px; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-position: 50% 45%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 17px; } .topnav__control--next img { opacity: 0; } .topnav__kicker { position: relative; z-index: 2; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; padding: 10px 0 10px 20px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-family: "nyt-mag-sans", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.025em; font-size: 13.5px; color: #fff; text-align: left; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box; height: 50px; -ms-flex-align: left; align-items: left; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; width: 100%; } .topnav__kicker span { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 0.25s linear; } .topnav__kicker path { fill: #000; } .topnav__kicker span { color: #000; } .topnav__kicker svg { display: inline-block; max-width: calc(75vw - 100px); margin-right: 15px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav__kicker { padding: 10px 20px; width: auto; -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; height: 67px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; background: #000; } .topnav__kicker span { opacity: 1; } .topnav__kicker path { fill: #fff; } .topnav__kicker svg { margin-right: 0; max-width: 220px; margin-top: -2px; } .topnav__kicker:before { content: ''; display: block; position: absolute; top: 10px; bottom: 10px; right: 0; width: 1px; background: #fff; } } .topnav ul { -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: auto; position: relative; z-index: 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav ul { margin: 0 32px 0 0; padding-top: 0; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; } } .topnav ul li { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; padding: 30px 20px; font-family: "nyt-mag-sans", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.5px; color: #fff; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; position: relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #5f5f5f; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; letter-spacing: 0.025em; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav ul li { width: calc(33vw - 92px); } } @media screen and (min-width: 1607px) { .topnav ul li { width: calc(25vw - 72px); } } .topnav ul li:last-of-type { border-bottom: 0; } .topnav ul li a { color: #fff; text-align: center; padding: 0; line-height: 1.55; max-width: 70%; margin: 0 auto; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav ul li a { line-height: 1.1; padding: 0; text-align: left; max-width: 320px; margin: 0; } } .topnav ul li a:hover { text-decoration: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 1020px) { .topnav ul li { border-bottom: 0; height: 67px; padding: 12px 15px; font-size: 13.5px; } .topnav ul li:before { content: ''; 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margin: 50px; } .rad-article[data-slug="15mag-puerto-rico-oak"] .rad-article-credits { display: none; } The Education Issue The Disappearing Schools of Puerto Rico The Koch Foundation Is Trying to Reshape Foreign Policy. With Liberal Allies. I Was a Low-Income College Student. Classes Weren’t the Hard Part. What College Admissions Offices Really Want Anthony Abraham Jack, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Joshua Rashaad McFadden for The New York Times I Was a Low-Income College Student.Classes Weren’t the Hard Part. Schools must learn that when you come frompoverty, you need more than financial aid to succeed. By ANTHONY ABRAHAM JACK SEPT. 10, 2019 Night came early in the chill of March. It was my freshman year at Amherst College, a small school of some 1,600 undergraduates in the hills of western Massachusetts, and I was a kid on scholarship from Miami. I had just survived my first winter, but spring seemed just as frigid. Amherst felt a little colder — or perhaps just lonelier — without the money to return home for spring break like so many of my peers. At that moment, however, I thought less of home and more about the gnawing feeling in the pit of my stomach. I walked past Valentine Hall, the cafeteria, its large windows ghostly in the moonlight. Only the emergency exit signs blazed red in the darkness. There was just enough light to see the chairs stacked on top of the tables and the trays out of reach through the gates that barred me from entry. Amherst provided no meals during holidays and breaks, but not all of us could afford to leave campus. After my first year, I knew when these disruptions were coming and planned for hungry days, charting them on my calendar. Back home in Miami, we knew what to do when money was tight and the family needed to be fed. At the time, in the late ’90s, McDonald’s ran a special: 29-cent hamburgers on Wednesdays and 39-cent cheeseburgers on Sundays. Without that special, I am not sure what we would have done when the week outlasted our reserves before payday. But up at Amherst, there was no McDonald’s special, no quick fix. I worked extra shifts as a gym monitor to help cover the unavoidable costs of staying on campus during breaks. At the gym, the vending machines were stocked with Cheetos and Yoo-hoos, welcome complements to the ham-and-cheese and peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwiches I got from CVS; there are no corner stores or bodegas in Amherst. Not so welcome was the air conditioning on full force in the gym, despite lingering mounds of snow outside. I would check in 20 or so people during my 10-hour shifts, mostly faculty and staff who lived in the area. I recognized them, but they didn’t pay me much mind. Friends would not return until the Friday and Saturday before classes began again. Many came back tan. But what I noticed more was how so many of them returned rested — how different our holidays had been. We like to think that landing a coveted college spot is a golden ticket for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. We think less critically about what happens next. I lived this gap as a first-generation college student. And I returned to it as a first-generation graduate student, spending two years observing campus life and interviewing more than 100 undergraduates at an elite university. Many students from low-income families described having to learn and decode a whole new set of cues and terms like professors’ “office hours” (many didn’t know what they were or how to use them), and foreign rituals like being invited to get coffee with an instructor (and not knowing whether they were expected to pay) — all those moments between convocation and commencement where college life is actually lived. function getFlexData() { return {"data":{"quote":"‘My financial-aid officer didn’t understand why I worked so many jobs or why I picked up even more hours at times.’","attribution":""}}; }var NYTD=NYTD || {}; NYTD.FlexTypes = NYTD.FlexTypes || []; NYTD.FlexTypes.push({"target":"FT100000006707195","type":"Pull Quote","data":{"quote":"‘My financial-aid officer didn’t understand why I worked so many jobs or why I picked up even more hours at times.’","attribution":""}}); ‘My financial-aid officer didn’t understand why I worked so many jobs or why I picked up even more hours at times.’ Now, as a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, I teach a course I’ve titled C.R.E.A.M. (Cash Rules Everything Around Me) — borrowing the title of that still-relevant Wu-Tang Clan track — in which we examine how poverty shapes the ways in which many students make it to and through college. Admission alone, as it turns out, is not the great equalizer. Just walking through the campus gates unavoidably heightens these students’ awareness and experience of the deep inequalities around them. I’ve spent half my life in Miami and the other half in Massachusetts. One 20-minute phone call with an Amherst football coach when I was a high school senior, and a college brochure that arrived two days later, brought this dual citizenship into existence. I can still hear my brother asking, “What is an Amherst?” We didn’t have internet at home, so we had to wait to get to the school computer lab before we could look up the unfamiliar name. We learned that the “H” was as silent as my brother was when he found out a United States president — Calvin Coolidge — was an alumnus, and so was the eminent black physician Dr. Charles Drew. Now maybe his baby brother could be one, too. The path from Miami to Massachusetts was not one that everyone around me could see. I attended George Washington Carver Middle School, which had an International Baccalaureate program, in my neighborhood, Coconut Grove. But the summer before I started at Carver, I took some summer school electives at Ponce de Leon Middle School, our zoned school, where my mom worked as a security guard and which she helped to desegregate in the ’60s. Before the starting bell one day, an assistant principal from Carver saw me goofing around with some friends from around the way. She strode over and said to me, “You don’t have the potential to be a Carverite.” That assistant principal saw black, boisterous boys and deemed us, and me, less than. She didn’t see my drive to succeed. My family didn’t have much, but since my days in Head Start, I was always a top performer in every subject. During one rough patch, I stayed home from school for a few days when we couldn’t afford all the supplies needed to carry out my science-fair experiment on bulb voltage and battery life. I developed my hypotheses and outlined my proposed methods without the materials and had everything ready to go when we were able to afford the supplies. I missed the ribbon but got the A. So on that summer morning when the assistant principal admonished me, anger welled up inside me, but I couldn’t let it show. That would have just played into her preconceived notion of who — or rather, what — I was. I had to prove her wrong. I had to prove myself right. But even as I write these words, I’m aware that this is exactly the kind of story that poor, black and Latinx students are conditioned to write for college application essays. In everyday life, as the poet Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote, we “wear the mask that grins and lies” that “hides our cheeks and shades our eyes,” but when we write these all-important essays we are pushed — by teachers, counselors and anyone who gives advice — to tug the heartstrings of upper-middle-class white admissions officers. “Make them cry,” we hear. And so we pimp out our trauma for a shot at a future we want but can’t fully imagine. At Coral Gables Senior High, I was the safe friend in the eyes of my friends’ mothers. The nerdy, chubby kid who geeked out to novels and cartoons did not pose as much of a threat as his less bookish football teammates. But being the safe friend couldn’t protect me any more than anyone else from the dangers all around us. I’m still haunted by the memory of one night when a group of us decided to go to the CocoWalk AMC theater for a movie. We ran into some folks from school near the corner of Frow and Elizabeth and stopped to joke and roast one another. Then, up ahead at the corner, we heard raised voices. We could make out three men starting to fight. As we watched, frozen, one picked up a cinder block and heaved it down on the head of another man on the ground. An angry voice rang out in our direction: “Who dat is down there?!” Terrified, we sprinted away behind the nearby houses. After seconds that felt like forever, doors slammed and a car sped off. We came out only after the roar of dual exhaust pipes faded away and raced home in the opposite direction, knowing better than to stay and invite questions. Once I was at Amherst, the phone would ring with news of similar nights. I would be reading a novel for class or reviewing my chemistry notes for a test when my mother’s ring tone, “The Lion Sleeps Tonight,” by the Tokens, would break the silence. Something in her “Hey, Tony, you busy?” let me know I was about to share in the emotional burden that bad news brings. My family didn’t understand how disruptive those calls could be. Neither did I, really. No one had ever left. We normally went through these events together. But I was no longer able to help figure out when the coast was clear, to investigate the flashing police lights. I always wondered, unnerved, just how close my family was to whatever prompted such a call. I was away. They were still there. Neighborhoods are more than a collection of homes and shops, more than uneven sidewalks or winding roads. Some communities protect us from hurt, harm and danger. Others provide no respite at all. This process is not random but the consequence of historical patterns of exclusion and racism. Life in privileged communities means that children traverse safer streets, have access to good schools and interact with neighbors who can supply more than the proverbial cup of sugar. Life in distressed communities can mean learning to distinguish between firecrackers and gunshots. These starkly different environments have a profound impact on children’s cognitive functioning, social development and physical health. Research on concentrated disadvantage makes it abundantly clear that inequality depresses the mobility prospects of even the brightest kids, with poor black youth disproportionately exposed to neighborhood violence. In his 2010 study of Chicago youth from adolescence to young adulthood, the sociologist Patrick Sharkey, then at New York University and now at Princeton, shows how such violence disrupts learning in ways equivalent to missing two years of schooling. And yet we equate performance on tests with potential, as if learning happens in a vacuum. It doesn’t. Even if they make it to dorms on leafy-green campuses, disadvantaged students still live in poverty’s long shadow. They worry about those back home just as much as those back home worry about them. At Amherst, I would get messages, in the few moments I had between lunch and lab, announcing that someone needed something: $75 for diabetes medicine or $100 to turn the lights back on. One day a call announced that a $675 mortgage payment needed to be paid. It wasn’t the first time. I was annoyed. I was mad that I was annoyed. Was I not the future they had invested in all these years? Did I have enough to spare? Were they expecting the whole thing? How much time did I have? This was before apps like Venmo that allow you to send money to anyone instantly, so it would take almost three hours, start to finish, to get to the nearest Walmart, on Route 9, to send a bit of spare cash home by MoneyGram. That ride on the B43 bus was as lonely as it was long. By my junior year, I had secured four jobs in addition to monitoring and cleaning the gym. My financial-aid officer didn’t understand why I worked so many jobs or why I picked up even more hours at times. That fall, right after Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma, I was called in to the financial-aid office. They wanted to discuss my work schedule and to tell me that they would be reaching out to my bosses to let them know I needed to cut back hours. I was working too much; that’s what the work-study rules said. I pleaded with them not to. I needed the money. More truthfully, my family and I did. One responsibility of being the one who leaves is sending remittances back, a reality that many of us who are the first to venture away from home know all too well. I assured the officials I was handling all my work. In truth, I was really just pushing through; I became a robot, hyperscheduled and mechanical in my interactions. My grades were good, and so I thought I was good. I worried that if I worked less, I would not be able to help my family recover from the storms, let alone get through all their everyday emergencies. But if I was their safety net, I had none. [What college admissions offices really want.] I was surprised this spring when I learned about the College Board’s new Environmental Context Dashboard, renamed Landscape, a set of measures for colleges to use in admissions that takes into consideration students’ neighborhood and high school environments, the constellation of influences — individual and institutional — that shape students’ chances at upward mobility. Critics saw this “adversity index,” as it came to be known, as just another attempt by the College Board to maintain its dominance over college admissions or elide the harm that the SAT has inflicted upon generations of youth from disadvantaged communities. (After pressure, the College Board announced it would not combine the neighborhood and school scores into one individual score.) I hated the SAT. It stole Saturdays from me, especially when I transferred to the private high school where I spent my senior year on a scholarship. And not because I went to tutoring sessions or met with private coaches but because my more privileged peers did, while I passed the hours at home by myself. (I wasn’t doing practice tests either. I couldn’t afford the book.) Those lonely afternoons served as reminders of my poverty and also my precarious future. But now, as a sociologist of education who spent two years interning in the Amherst admissions office, I see the College Board’s new index as a step — and just one step — in the right direction to demonstrate the impact of instability that contributes to differences in performance and social well-being to admissions committees, those gatekeepers of higher education. And at a time when affirmative action is under renewed attack, the index permits an alternative to explicit considerations of race in college admissions by taking into account the ecological factors that are intimately tied to race. The supplemental scores Landscape provides can’t level the playing field, but they offer some context for just how unequal it is. Colleges have made racial and class diversity into virtues with which they welcome students during orientation and entice alumni to make donations. But students of color and those from lower-income backgrounds often bear the brunt of the tension that exists between proclamation and practice of this social experiment. Schools cannot simply showcase smiling black and brown faces in their glossy brochures and students wearing shirts blaring “First Gen and Proud” in curated videos and then abdicate responsibility for the problems from home that a more diverse class may bring with them to campus. Does this entail going beyond providing tuition, room and board? Yes. It requires colleges and universities to question what they take for granted, about their students and about the institutions themselves. And to do this, they’ll need more than an algorithm. What’s needed is a deeply human touch. This means ensuring that campus services meet the needs of all students. College can be a difficult time for everyone. Divorces of parents and deaths of grandparents are not uncommon. Counselors and advisers are more or less prepared for these universal types of challenges. But whom do students turn to when they get those 2 a.m. calls bringing news of street violence, eviction or arrests? Hiring more diverse staff and administrators, as well as those who are familiar with these issues, is important in this effort — but this work can’t just be consigned to the diversity dean, who is often the only person of color in the office. [Sign up for Race/Related, a weekly newsletter focused on race, identity and culture.] College administrations must make a sustained effort to understand the stress and isolation that can define everyday college life for these more vulnerable students.
He explaining how difficult it can be trying to succeed through college and still maintain through your personal life without it not affecting your academics.
By my junior year, I had secured four jobs in addition to monitoring and cleaning the gym. My financial-aid officer didn’t understand why I worked so many jobs or why I picked up even more hours at times.
Due to the hardships as low-income citizens you're afraid to fall back to where you came from so you hustle hard and keep that momentum once you get through that battle!
Hiring more diverse staff and administrators, as well as those who are familiar with these issues, is important in this effort — but this work can’t just be consigned to the diversity dean, who is often the only person of color in the office.
I feel he is saying it's extremely important to have a diversity as a whole. this will help everyone so one job is not just put on one person which is just wrong.
I knew how to ask for help in college. I understood that it was how you got what you needed. I eventually lobbied Tony Marx, then the president of Amherst, to provide support during spring break, which he agreed to in my junior year.
He express how it's important to advocate for yourself in order to get what you need or even push a movement. closed mouths don't get fed.
Does this entail going beyond providing tuition, room and board? Yes. It requires colleges and universities to question what they take for granted, about their students and about the institutions themselves. And to do this, they’ll need more than an algorithm. What’s needed is a deeply human touch.
Everyone is equal and should been seen at bringing something to the table. we all struggle with this everyday still today. A human touch would be the perfect way to express what is missing.
Even if they make it to dorms on leafy-green campuses, disadvantaged students still live in poverty’s long shadow. They worry about those back home just as much as those back home worry about them.
This is why I feel we should have more resources and tools to help us get through college. we are exposed to a total different side of society which makes many disadvantages.
These starkly different environments have a profound impact on children’s cognitive functioning, social development and physical health.
I totally agree! I always thought I couldn't accomplish college due to how I grew up and what I knew. I was afraid to go out of my circle and challenge myself. I started educating myself and reaching out within my community.
Neighborhoods are more than a collection of homes and shops, more than uneven sidewalks or winding roads. Some communities protect us from hurt, harm and danger.
I can totally relate due to how I grew up in my childhood. there was so much criminal activity that the best place to go was home, YMCA, or community activity's.
Something in her “Hey, Tony, you busy?” let me know I was about to share in the emotional burden that bad news brings. My family didn’t understand how disruptive those calls could be. Neither did I, really.
This shows his trauma in his childhood, and how he was conscious of what was around him.
o on that summer morning when the assistant principal admonished me, anger welled up inside me, but I couldn’t let it show. That would have just played into her preconceived notion of who — or rather, what — I was. I had to prove her wrong. I had to prove myself right.
This shows he was able to compose his emotions and maintain his logic. Awesome! this can be really hard especially if you're trying to prove someone wrong.
I developed my hypotheses and outlined my proposed methods without the materials and had everything ready to go when we were able to afford the supplies. I missed the ribbon but got the A.
Even though he didn't have all the supplies he needed, he still found a way to ace at his academics. this shows his dedication and intellect.
without the money to return home for spring break like so many of my peers.
I can see him feeling lonely and unfortunate due to all his other peers around him having the ability of different options.
Amherst provided no meals during holidays and breaks, but not all of us could afford to leave campus. After my first year, I knew when these disruptions were coming and planned for hungry days, charting them on my calendar.
I could imagine the feeling of having a hard time to afford things. it will automatically change your vibe to things and outlook. being low-income or an individual that has limited means can cause for you to want to give up or not even go for the challenge, when seeing other students are able to afford there basic needs.