“stereotypical understandings of women as sexually harmless,” even as ongoing “heterosexism can render lesbian and bisexual victims of female-perpetrated sexual victimization invisible to professionals.”

The inquiry was a timely one. For years, the FBI definition of rape was gendered, requiring “carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.”

38 percent of victims were men––a figure much higher than in prior surveys. Intrigued, she began to investigate: Was sexual violence against men more common than previously thought?

Black people were often treated predominantly by white doctors, who didn’t always provide equal care. Black hospitals were understaffed and had very few resources, resulting in preventable deaths. The unequal treatment black Americans received in the 1960s has continued into the 21st century.

Sims developed the vaginal speculum as well as a technique to repair a common complication from childbirth. In fact, according to Ojanuga’s paper, Sims operated on one woman 13 times without anesthesia to perfect the repair of fistulas. He did get the surgery right, but few benefited from the brutal experimentation on black women — Sims didn’t seem to use anesthesia for any of his patients, black or white, and most, obviously, couldn’t deal with the pain.

violating one set of people for the benefit of another

Nate comforted me the best he could and it didn't bother me until I had sex again years later.

Starting in middle school, students might hear about sex and relationships from their peers, or from the internet.

(“I don’t think I’ve ever used the word ‘consent’ with a three-year-old before,” Kahn says.) The goal is that “if a kid doesn’t want to be hugged by another kid, he can say, ‘This is my body,’ and be understood.”

But at its core, it’s an idea that many learn as early as preschool — the notion that we should respect one another’s boundaries, in order to be safe, preserve dignity, and build healthy relationships.

Poor life experiences lead to limited knowledge of the body, sexuality and sexualexpression

Without a means of communication, it is very difficult to convey your needs anddesires, and this leads to alienation and exclusion.

By denying individuals with intellectual disability the opportunity to learn abouttheir sexuality and develop social relationships with others, society has denied themthe right to self-fulfilment.

Christian denies that the power imbalances between himself and Ana have any impact on her ability to freely consent.

Ana rarely communicates any desires of her own, but rather Christian orchestrates their scenes completely. This reproduces common myths around men's natural sexual needs and women's lack of them

At the same time, BDSM communities themselves have undergone an interrogation of such previously accepted understandings of consent. A number of prominent BDSM bloggers (such as Kitty Stryker, 2011a-c; Clarisse Thorn, 2011; and Pepper Mint, 2007a) have written openly about non-consensual behaviour within BDSM communities, questioning the previously accepted line that 'BDSM is not (ever) abuse'.

A note from the Harvard Law Review (1986) observes that‘in the context of maritalrape...a woman’s right to bodily integrity (individual security) confronts a man’s rightto marital privacy (freedom from state intrusion)

peers consider them to be less responsible anddesirable, often labeling them‘sluts.’For men/boys, on the other hand, there is no com-parable negative categorization

They do not merely represent us but alsoembodyus. This is would explain why so many victims of non-consensual pornographyliken it to sexual assault or rape (Fink & Segall,2016; Juliett,2017).

Thesearticles advise that a safer way to sext is to create pictures in which one’s fragmentedbody parts are de-personalized.

One reason may be that most of the make-believe nonconsensual sexual encoun-ters in the general tips relied on physical proximity and contact—with sexting, such scen-arios would need to be enacted through speech, such as a prenegotiated pretend resistanceto sexting or a threat to distribute private photos that is understood to befictional.

As Harris points out, a simplistic transmission model of sexual communi-cation assumes that a clear“yes”or“no”is sufficient; the problem with this model isthat it fails to account for the cultural and social systems that underlie all interpersonalcommunication.

In particu-lar, online resources aimed at teenagers cover consent in quite a lot of depth and nuance, discussing factors such as drugs and alcohol, social pressures, the relationship- maintenance approach as a kind of pressure, and young people’s concerns about appearing immature or juvenile if they do not engage in sex.

In these ways, it puts images young people may have seen in pornography in the context of real- life sexual experiences and possibilities.

Many of these producers em-phasize representation of diverse bodies (in terms, for in-stance, of race, body type, or disability), different genders (including non-binary ones), sexualities, sexual practices beyond the dominant sexual script, consent, and safer sex practices. They have a strong focus on ethics in both what they choose to depict and in their production processes.

Some men report feeling pres-sured by these constructions of masculinity and ideas of the male sexual drive to always consent to, or even initiate sex, even if they do not want it or would prefer a different kind of bond and experience.

put pressure on women to engage in

o, if we consensually engage in sex we do not want due to the social pressures of the permissive discourse and dominant ideas about self- improvement, then we have no one else to blame but ourselves

It may also be tempting to think that if you have done a particular sexual act with a long-term partner once, or even many times, they will be up for it again.

what we are negotiating,

if we want to be allowed to exercise our own bodily autonomy, we should respect that of others.

Much like rape culture, the law also does not affect everyone equally, and marginalized groups are structur-ally disadvantaged by the law—the legislation itself and the ways in which it is enforced. I

Legal definitions of rape and consent reflect and re-inforce cultural attitudes and beliefs, and can have a significant impact on how we think about sex.

Laws evolve over time, are reinterpreted by the courts, and lawmaking generally involves compromise, which in turn leads to some interesting inconsistencies. Marriage laws for instance tend to view sex—specifically, penile-vaginal intercourse